Characteristics of children at diagnosis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (N=71)
| Age (years): mean (SD) | 10.7±3.8 |
| Male gender: n (%) | 43 (60.6) |
| Race/ethnicity: n (%) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 39 (54.9) |
| Hispanic | 23 (32.4) |
| African-American | 6 (8.5) |
| Other | 3 (4.2) |
| BMI percentile: mean (SD) | 76.2±22.3 |
| Obesity or overweight: n (%) | 34 (48.6) |
| Glucose (mmol/L): mean (SD) | 21.8±10.2 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol): mean (SD) | 12.1±2.2 (109±24) |
| DKA: n (%) | 26 (38.8) |
| Beta-hydroxybutyrate (mmol/L): mean (SD) | 5.3±4.3 |
| Fasting C peptide (nmol/L): median (25th–75th centiles) | 0.143 (0.083–0.243) |
| Expression of islet autoantibodies: n (%) | |
| Insulin | 27 (38) |
| GAD65 | 41 (57.8) |
| ICA512/IA2 | 52 (73.2) |
| ZnT8 | 44 (62) |
| Number of islet autoantibodies expressed: n (%) | |
| 1 | 15 (21.1) |
| 2 | 25 (35.2) |
| 3 | 25 (35.2) |
| 4 | 6 (8.5) |
| HLA DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8: n (%) | 16 (22.5) |
BMI, body mass index; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; GAD65, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; ICA512/IA2, islet cell autoantigen 512; ZnT8, zinc transporter 8.