Multivariable adjusted† associations (ORs and 95% CIs) of diabetes risk factors with elevated levels‡ of fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), glycated albumin, fructosamine, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) in persons with and without diabetes in a subsample of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, 2005–2006, n=1764
| No diagnosis of diabetes, n=1455 | Elevated fasting glucose (≥126 mg/dL) | Elevated HbA1c (≥6.5%) | Elevated glycated albumin (≥16.2%) | Elevated fructosamine (≥270.3 µmol/L) | Low 1,5-AG (≤6.8 µg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age ≥70 (vs <70 years) | 1.38 (0.84 to 2.27) | 1.65 (0.93 to 2.93) | 1.92 (1.09 to 3.40)* | 1.96 (1.08 to 3.55)* | 1.32 (0.69 to 2.52) |
| Men (vs women) | 1.35 (0.83 to 2.21) | 0.71 (0.40 to 1.26) | 1.33 (0.74 to 2.40) | 1.83 (1.01 to 3.29)* | 1.46 (0.79 to 2.73) |
| African-American (vs Caucasian) | 1.37 (0.79 to 2.38) | 4.01 (2.28 to 7.06)* | 4.75 (2.57 to 8.80)* | 2.36 (1.26 to 4.44)* | 1.04 (0.51 to 2.11) |
| Body mass index categories (kg/m2) | |||||
| <25 | 0.56 (0.24 to 1.31) | 1.08 (0.46 to 2.52) | 1.28 (0.62 to 2.64) | 0.93 (0.44 to 1.97) | 1.77 (0.84 to 3.73) |
| 25 to <30 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| ≥30 | 1.78 (1.05 to 3.02)* | 1.48 (0.81 to 2.69) | 1.32 (0.68 to 2.55) | 1.02 (0.53 to 1.98) | 1.25 (0.61 to 2.57) |
| Family history of diabetes (vs no) | 2.24 (1.36 to 3.70)* | 1.85 (1.03 to 3.31)* | 2.23 (1.22 to 4.06)* | 1.71 (0.89 to 3.28) | 1.61 (0.83 to 3.14) |
| Hypercholesterolemia (vs no) | 1.01 (0.61 to 1.67) | 1.17 (0.66 to 2.07) | 1.13 (0.65 to 1.97) | 0.92 (0.52 to 1.64) | 0.91 (0.49 to 1.67) |
| Hypertension (vs no) | 2.03 (1.04 to 3.98)* | 1.32 (0.66 to 2.62) | 1.75 (0.85 to 3.61) | 1.88 (0.89 to 3.95) | 0.76 (0.39 to 1.46) |
| Current smoker (vs nonsmoker) | 0.71 (0.22 to 2.22) | 0.38 (0.11 to 1.24) | 0.10 (0.02 to 0.41)* | 0.75 (0.18 to 3.13)* | 0.66 (0.17 to 2.51) |
| Diagnosed diabetes, n=309 | Elevated fasting glucose (≥160 mg/dL) | Elevated HbA1c (≥7.0%) | Elevated glycated albumin (≥19.5%) | Elevated fructosamine (≥292.1 µmol/L) | Low 1,5-AG (≤6.3 µg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age ≥70 (vs <70 years) | 0.74 (0.38 to 1.44) | 0.98 (0.50 to 1.90) | 0.62 (0.31 to 1.23) | 0.89 (0.45 to 1.77) | 0.66 (0.34 to 1.29) |
| Men (vs women) | 0.68 (0.35 to 1.30) | 1.16 (0.61 to 2.23) | 0.83 (0.41 to 1.68) | 1.52 (0.75 to 3.10) | 1.34 (0.68 to 2.64) |
| African-American (vs Caucasian) | 1.96 (0.89 to 4.33) | 3.33 (1.61 to 6.92)* | 3.63 (1.66 to 7.93)* | 3.03 (1.39 to 6.60)* | 1.75 (0.86 to 3.54) |
| Body mass index categories (kg/m2) | |||||
| <25 | 0.77 (0.23 to 2.58) | 0.88 (0.30 to 2.57) | 4.02 (1.34 to 12.06)* | 2.91 (1.02 to 8.35)* | 1.11 (0.37 to 3.39) |
| 25 to <30 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| ≥30 | 1.85 (0.80 to 4.30) | 1.13 (0.53 to 2.44) | 1.32 (0.59 to 2.97) | 1.09 (0.49 to 2.42) | 1.07 (0.49 to 2.36) |
| Family history of diabetes (vs no) | 1.65 (0.84 to 3.26) | 1.70 (0.89 to 3.23) | 1.87 (0.93 to 3.76) | 0.97 (0.48 to 1.96) | 2.46 (1.29 to 4.72)* |
| Hypercholesterolemia (vs no) | 0.95 (0.42 to 2.12) | 1.22 (0.61 to 2.46) | 0.61 (0.28 to 1.33) | 0.50 (0.23 to 1.10) | 0.72 (0.36 to 1.42) |
| Hypertension (vs no) | 1.74 (0.55 to 5.51) | 1.75 (0.63 to 4.89) | 2.33 (0.77 to 7.11) | 2.56 (0.82 to 7.97) | 1.15 (0.40 to 3.30) |
| Current smoker (vs nonsmoker) | 1.34 (0.47 to 3.85) | 1.28 (0.33 to 4.93) | 1.50 (0.48 to 4.64) | 0.78 (0.21 to 2.90) | 1.11 (0.32 to 3.89) |
*p<0.05.
†Each model was adjusted for the listed variables.
‡In persons without a diagnosis of diabetes, the diagnostic threshold of 6.5% was used to define elevated HbA1c (the 95th centile). Cut-points for elevated glycated albumin (≥16.2%) and fructosamine (≥270.3 µmol/L) were also defined at the 95th centile. Low 1,5-AG (≤6.8 µg/mL) was defined as values below the 5th centile. Elevated fasting glucose was defined using the diagnostic threshold of 126 mg/dL (the 93rd centile). In persons with a diagnosis of diabetes, elevated HbA1c was defined as ≥7.0% (the 75th centile). Cut-points for elevated fasting glucose (≥160 mg/dL), glycated albumin (≥19.5%), and fructosamine (≥292.1 µmol/L) were also defined at the 75th centile. Low 1,5-AG (≤6.3 µg/mL) was defined as values below the 25th centile.