Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients at the preindex period or at index
| Patients (N) | 445 |
| Age (mean±SD) | 56.8±10.9 |
| <65 (n (%)) | 331 (74.4) |
| ≥65 (n (%)) | 114 (25.6) |
| BMI* (n (mean±SD)) | 360 (40.4±7.5) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index† (mean±SD) | 3.5±2.3 |
| Type 1 (n (%)) | 14 (3.2) |
| Type 2 (n (%)) | 431 (96.9) |
| Gender (n (%)) | |
| Male | 234 (52.6) |
| Female | 211 (47.4) |
| Region (n (%)) | |
| Midwest | 234 (52.6) |
| Northeast | 67 (15.1) |
| South | 80 (18.0) |
| West | 64 (14.4) |
| Insurance type at index (n (%)) | |
| Commercial | 102 (22.9) |
| Dual Medicare/Medicaid | 1 (0.2) |
| Medicaid | 2 (0.5) |
| Medicare | 76 (17.1) |
| Other/unknown | 257 (57.8) |
| Uninsured | 7 (1.6) |
| Race (n (%)) | |
| Caucasian | 271 (60.9) |
| African–American | 61 (13.7) |
| Asian | 3 (0.7) |
| Other/unknown | 110 (24.7) |
| Index insulin prescriber specialty (n (%)) | |
| Endocrinology | 192 (43.1) |
| Primary care (internal medicine, family medicine, nurse practitioner) | 37 (8.3) |
| Other (pharmacy, pulmonary, nephrology) | 102 (22.9) |
| Missing | 114 (25.6) |
| Prescribed oral AHAs‡ (n (%)) | 170 (38.2) |
| Metformin | 128 (28.8) |
| Sulfonylurea | 51 (11.46) |
| DPP-4 | 16 (3.6) |
| TZD | 35 (7.9) |
| Other | 3 (0.7) |
| Prescribed insulin‡ n (%) | 322 (72.4) |
| Prescribed CSII‡ n (%) | 4 (0.9) |
| Prescribed noninsulin injectable AHAs‡ n (%) | 34 (7.6) |
| Pramlintide | 20 (4.5) |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | 12 (2.7) |
| Unknown class | 3 (0.7) |
| Comorbidities and complications during preindex and postindex periods n (%) | |
| Hypertension | 385 (86.5) |
| Neuropathy | 201 (45.2) |
| Nephropathy | 187 (42.0) |
| Cardiovascular | 175 (39.3) |
| Depression | 98 (22.0) |
| Retinopathy | 61 (13.7) |
| Cerebrovascular | 39 (8.8) |
| Bariatric surgery | 1 (0.2) |
| Lower limb amputation | 6 (1.4) |
*Entire study period, used latest.
†Entire study period.
‡6 months preindex period.
AHA, antihyperglycemic agents; BMI, body mass index; CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; n, number of patients; TZD, thiazolidinedione.