Demographics and laboratory results of cohort
| Controls diabetic+no retinopathy (n=256) | Cases diabetic+retinopathy (n=329) | p Value† | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age—years | 53.9±0.7 | 53.5±0.6 | NS |
| Gender (% male) | 33.2 | 43.0 | 0.02 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.1±0.4 | 31.8±0.4 | 0.02 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.8±0.1 | 9.0±0.1 | p<0.0001 |
| DM duration (years) | 7.2±0.5 | 13.5±0.4 | p<0.0001 |
| On insulin (%) | 15.6 | 38.9 | p<0.0001 |
| Blood pressure | |||
| SBP (mm Hg) | 127±1.1 | 133±1.0 | P<0.0001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 70±0.8 | 71±0.5 | NS |
| Renal function | |||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.76±0.06 | 1.1±0.06 | p<0.0001 |
| Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio | 34±78 | 519±69 | p<0.0001 |
| CKD-EPI eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 98.5±1.6 | 90.0±1.4 | p<0.0001 |
| Biomarkers | |||
| C peptide (nmol/L) | 1.2±0.1 | 1.0±0.04 | p=0.0005 |
| Insulin (μU/mL)* | 13.7± 0.6 (n=211) | 10.1±0.6 (n=195) | p<0.0001 |
Value depicted as mean±SE of the mean.
*Analysis for insulin was conducted in participants without exogenous insulin injection (n=406).
†p Value, adjusted for family structure.
BMI, body mass index; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; NS, not significant; SBP, systolic blood pressure.