Univariate analysis
| Presence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | No | Yes | |
| Hypertension | 52 (85.2%) | 39 (83.0%) | 0.748 |
| Coronary artery disease | 29 (47.5%) | 27 (57.4%) | 0.307 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 41 (67.2%) | 33 (70.2%) | 0.739 |
| Renal disease | 8 (13.1%) | 20 (42.6%) | 0.001 |
| Hemodialysis | 1 (1.6%) | 8 (17.0%) | 0.004 |
| Peripheral neuropathy/peripheral vascular disease | 25 (41.0%) | 35 (74.5%) | 0.001 |
| Admission diagnosis | |||
| Diabetic (diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic syndrome) | 5 (8.2%) | 3 (6.4%) | 0.721 |
| Cardiac (angina, myocardial infarction) | 11 (18.0%) | 11 (23.4%) | 0.492 |
| Diabetic ulcer/osteomyelitis* | 2 (3.3%) | 15 (31.9%) | <0.001 |
| Stroke/TIA | 4 (6.6%) | 5 (10.6%) | 0.447 |
| Other | 43 (70.5%) | 18 (38.3%) | 0.001 |
| Education | 0.896 | ||
| Grade school | 2 (3.3%) | 2 (4.3%) | |
| Some high school | 11 (18.0%) | 7 (14.9%) | |
| High school | 20 (32.8%) | 18 (38.3%) | |
| Some college | 16 (26.2%) | 12 (25.5%) | |
| College | 8 (13.1%) | 7 (14.9%) | |
| Masters | 4 (6.6%) | 1 (2.1%) | |
| Family income | 0.303 | ||
| <25 000 | 35 (58.3%) | 27 (57.4%) | |
| 25 001–50 000 | 15 (25.0%) | 17 (36.2%) | |
| 50 001–75 000 | 3 (5.0%) | 2 (4.3%) | |
| 75 001–100 000 | 4 (6.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| >100 000 | 3 (5.0%) | 1 (2.1%) | |
| Median (IQR) for DR | Median (IQR) for DR | ||
| Duration of diabetes | 6.0 (2.5–10.0) | 15.0 (10.0–20.0) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1C (%)† | 6.8 (6.3–8.7) | 8.3 (6.9–10.0) | 0.020 |
*Not included in the multivariable logistic regression due to near-perfect separation.
†Not included in the multivariable logistic regression due to high missing value count.