Table 1

Serum insulin, counter-regulatory hormone and metabolite responses under basal-bolus insulin dose manipulation

										ANOVA p
	Morning 1	Rest	E	60	0	15	30	Premeal	Morning 2	T	T* C
Serum insulin (pmol/L)
100%	111±23	132±19		136±19	173±32†‡	143±23	129±23	112±17	115±16	=0.012	=0.871
80%	112±23	129±18		138±18	181±34†‡	145±23	131±23	108±17	111±19
Plasma glucagon (pg/mL)
100%	637±148	549±115		396±80†‡	526±94	573±125	555±118	576±136	634±147	=0.049	=0.663
80%	595±118	532±111		397±77†‡	501±84	593±138	540±128	536±121	611±106
Plasma epinephrine (nmol/L)
100%	0.22±0.04	0.14±0.03		0.10±0.04†	0.47±0.10†‡	0.26±0.08	0.12±0.03	0.12±0.04	0.13±0.03†	=0.017	=0.322
80%	0.29±0.06	0.14±0.04		0.11±0.03†	0.45±0.12‡	0.29±0.11	0.13±0.05	0.13±0.03	0.08±0.02†
Serum cortisol (nmol/L)
100%	0.65±0.06	0.32±0.06†		0.20±0.37†	0.37±0.10†	0.41±0.12	0.42±0.12	0.30±0.08†	0.61±0.08‡	=0.042	=0.654
80%	0.71±0.06	0.28±0.04†		0.24±0.04†	0.29±0.09†	0.42±0.14	0.36±0.13	0.27±0.09†	0.68±0.07‡
Blood lactate (mmol/L)
100%	0.01±0.01	0.44±0.21		0.95±0.15†‡	3.27±0.58†‡	1.83±0.29†‡	0.77±0.22†	1.41±0.93†‡	0.27±0.15†	<0.019	=0.798
80%	0.11±0.11	0.53±0.19		1.18±0.23†‡	3.40±0.66†‡	1.77±0.34†‡	0.86±0.30†	0.64±0.17†	0.40±0.18†
Serum NEFA (mmol/L)
100%	0.39±0.06	0.26±0.05		0.19±0.03†	0.16±0.02†	0.24±0.04	0.20±0.02†	0.29±0.06	0.65±0.15†‡	=0.049	=0.663
80%	0.36±0.05	0.30±0.10		0.35±0.13†	0.25±0.04†	0.38±0.09	0.31±0.08	0.33±0.08	0.52±0.07†‡

Data presented as mean±SEM. Test meal and insulin were administered immediately following rest and premeal sample points.
*Indicates significantly different from 100% (p≤0.05).
†Indicates significantly different to morning 1.
‡Indicates significantly different from rest.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; Morning 1, pretrial morning sample; Morning 2, post-trial morning visit sample; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; T, time; C, condition; E, exercise.