Clinical characteristics according to the CES-D score in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes
| CES-D score | p For trend | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤9 | 10–15 | 16–23 | ≥24 | Unadjusted | Age and sex adjusted | Multivariate adjusted | |
| N | 3327 | 539 | 240 | 112 | |||
| Age (years) | 66.2±9.6 | 63.4±11.2 | 63.1±11.5 | 59.5±11.0 | <0.0001 | – | – |
| Sex (female, %) | 41.9% | 44.0% | 49.2% | 53.6% | <0.01 | – | – |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 15.4±10.3 | 16.0±10.6 | 16.0±11.1 | 15.6±10.7 | NS | NS | NS |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 55.8% | 58.3% | 58.8% | 64.3% | <0.05 | NS | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6±3.6 | 24.2±4.1 | 24.5±5.1 | 24.6±4.2 | <0.0001 | <0.05 | <0.05 |
| Obesity in Asians (BMI ≥25.0) (%) | 29.4% | 37.3% | 31.7% | 45.5% | <0.0001 | <0.05 | NS |
| Waist circumstances (cm) | 85.4±9.9 | 87.0±10.9 | 87.4±10.9 | 87.1±11.9 | <0.001 | <0.01 | NS |
| Abdominal obesity in Asians (%) | 44.8% | 52.3% | 51.3% | 53.6% | <0.001 | <0.05 | NS |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.38±1.00 | 7.44±1.07 | 7.63±1.17 | 7.64±1.42 | <0.001 | <0.01 | NS |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 57±9 | 58±9 | 60±10 | 60±13 | <0.001 | <0.01 | NS |
| Fasting serum C peptide (nmol/L) | 0.40±0.22 | 0.40±0.22 | 0.39±0.19 | 0.41±0.25 | NS | NS | NS |
| HOMA2%-B | 45.8±24.1 | 46.7±23.9 | 42.9±24.0 | 43.7±24.4 | NS | NS | NS |
| HOMA2-IR | 1.10±0.57 | 1.14±0.58 | 1.08±0.45 | 1.32±1.04 | <0.05 | NS | NS |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL)* | 9.1 (8.9 to 9.3) | 8.9 (8.5 to 9.4) | 8.8 (8.2 to 9.5) | 9.2 (8.3 to 10.3) | NS | NS | NS |
| HS-CRP (mg/L)* | 0.73 (0.46 to 0.51) | 0.53 (0.47 to 0.60) | 0.59 (0.49 to 0.70) | 0.44 (0.35 to 0.57) | NS | NS | NS |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents use (%) | 64.4% | 64.9% | 64.6% | 53.6% | NS | NS | NS |
| Sulfonylurea use (%) | 43.0% | 42.5% | 40.8% | 31.3% | <0.05 | NS | NS |
| Insulin use (%) | 24.9% | 27.1% | 37.1% | 46.4% | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| Self glucose monitoring (%) | 31.6% | 35.6% | 40.8% | 50.0% | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | NS |
| Severe hypoglycemia (%) | 1.6% | 3.2% | 4.2% | 8.0% | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Results are reported as mean±SD.
*Geometric means with 95% CI in brackets. Multivariate adjustments include age, sex, duration of diabetes (not used for duration of diabetes), BMI (not used for BMI), HbA1c (not used for HbA1c), insulin use (not used for insulin use), current smoking, current drinking, leisure-time physical activity, and total energy intake.
BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA2%-B, homeostasis model assessment β-cell function; HOMA2-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HS-CRP, high sensitivity C reactive protein.