Clinical characteristics
| Controls n=95 | MetS−I n=106 | MetS+I n=66 | T2DM n=68 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 56.5±7.4 | 56.8±5.2 | 57.5±5.5 | 56.8±5.3 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 17 (18)‡ | 29 (27) | 26 (39)*§ | 11 (16)‡ |
| Family history of CVD, n (%) | 19 (20) | 21 (20) | 14 (21) | 13 (19) |
| Statin use, n (%) | 8 (8)§ | 8 (8)§ | 4 (6)§ | 32 (47)*†‡ |
| Waist circumference, cm | 103±9 | 105±10 | 107± 9 | 104±10 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 133±18†‡ | 146±20*§ | 145±18*§ | 130±12†‡ |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 82±12†‡ | 88±10*§ | 87±11* | 82±8† |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.14±0.47†‡§ | 5.79±0.82*§ | 5.80±0.86*§ | 8.44±1.92*†‡ |
| Free fatty acids, mmol/L | 0.62 (0.47–0.79) | 0.58 (0.43–0.73) | 0.58 (0.44–0.75) | 0.58 (0.45–0.75) |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.63±0.98§ | 5.59±1.01§ | 5.57±1.11§ | 4.66±0.93*†‡ |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.24 (1.11–1.41)†‡§ | 1.02 (0.89–1.22)* | 1.02 (0.85–1.19)* | 1.11 (0.93–1.39)* |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.09 (0.84–1.38)†‡§ | 1.82 (1.31–2.45)* | 1.83 (1.15–2.40)* | 1.50 (0.90–2.20)* |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.43 (0.76–2.85)‡§ | 1.96 (0.92–2.37)‡§ | 5.55 (4.11–8.02)*†§ | 3.60 (2.43–5.95)*†‡ |
| ANGPTL4, ng/mL | 3.7 (2.8–5.2)†‡§ | 4.6 (3.3–6.5)*‡§ | 6.0 (3.8–7.7)*† | 6.4 (5.2–8.2)*† |
Values represent mean±SD or median (interquartile range) unless indicated otherwise.
Significant as compared with *healthy controls, †MetS−I, ‡MetS+I, §T2DM (p<0.05).
ANGPTL4, angiopoietin-like protein 4; CRP, C reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; MetS−I, metabolic syndrome without inflammation; MetS+I, metabolic syndrome with inflammation; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.