Table 3

Distribution of medications

	2008		2013
	Index year*		Index year*
	N=24 493		N=41 582
	N	Per cent	N	Per cent	Adjusted* p value
α-Glucosidase inhibitors	101	0.4	130	0.3	0.1190
Biguanides (metformin)	15 425	63.0	27 987	67.3	<0.0001
Metformin monotherapy	5640	23.0	11 735	28.2	<0.0001
Metformin+sulfonylurea†	3313	13.5	5565	13.3	0.62
Metformin+thiazolidinedione†	963	3.9	422	1.0	<0.0001
Metformin+dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor†	402	1.6	1580	3.8	<0.0001
Metformin+GLP-1†	153	0.6	264	0.6	0.86
Metformin+insulin†	411	1.7	1178	2.8	<0.0001
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors	1952	8.0	6566	15.8	<0.0001
Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists	984	4.0	1563	3.8	<0.0001
Meglitinides	247	1.0	212	0.5	<0.0001
Sulfonylureas	9898	40.4	14 705	35.4	<0.0001
Thiazolidinediones	4849	19.8	2852	6.9	<0.0001
Antidiabetic combination therapy‡	11 286	46.0	18 232	43.8	<0.0001
Statin	16 427	67.1	28 503	68.5	<0.0001
Aspirin	12 556	51.3	22 285	53.6	<0.0001
ACE or ARB	17 001	69.4	28 741	69.1	0.0001
Insulin total	3711	15.2	7832	18.8	<0.0001
Human	1035	27.9	1353	17.3	<0.0001
Analog (basal or bolus)	3070	82.7	7066	90.2	<0.0001
Basal	3474	93.6	7522	96.0	<0.0001
Bolus	2205	59.4	4583	58.5	0.0003
Premix	515	13.9	150	1.9	<0.0001
Insulin+any number of oral antidiabetic medication classes§	2194	9.0	4544	10.9	<0.0001
Insulin+one oral antidiabetic medication class¶	854	3.5	2032	4.9	<0.0001

*Adjusted for sex, age, race, and income using generalized estimating equations.
†Restricted to two-drug combination therapy, metformin+one additional agent.
‡Any two of the eight antidiabetic classes.
§Insulin+any number of the six oral antidiabetic agent classes.
¶Restricted to two-drug combination therapy, insulin+one additional oral agent.
ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1.