Baseline characteristics of patients with NFG, IFG, and T2DM
| NFG at baseline (n=124) | IFG at baseline (n=107) | T2DM at baseline (n=108) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62.5±10.3 | 63.6±10.1 | 62.7±9.7 | 0.708 |
| Sex (female) | 48 (38.71%) | 27 (25.23%) | 33 (30.56%) | 0.085 |
| Hypertension (WHO) | 56 (45.16%) | 64 (59.81%) | 56 (51.85%) | 0.085 |
| History of smoking | 70 (56.45%) | 61 (57.01%) | 72 (66.67%) | 0.218 |
| Coronary artery stenosis >50% | 71 (57.26%) | 65 (60.75%) | 74 (68.52%) | 0.202 |
| MetS ATP III Definition | 26(20.97%) | 44 (41.12%)* | 77 (71.3%)*§ | 1.01E-13 |
| BMI | 26.4±4.6 | 27.3±4 | 28.2±4.3 | 0.006 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91.9±12 | 97±10.7 | 99.4±12.2* | 9.54E-06 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.9±0.1 | 1±0.1 | 1±0.1* | 1.60E-04 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.6±1.1 | 5.7±1 | 5.4±1.2 | 0.133 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.4±0.8 | 3.5±0.8 | 3.1±0.9 | 0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.3±0.4 | 1.3±0.4 | 1.1±0.4 | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.7±1.1 | 1.7±0.8 | 2.3±1.7* | 3.39E-05 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.3±0.9 | 6.2±0.5* | 8.9±2.8*§ | 7.81E-55 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.8±0.5 | 5.9±0.5 | 7.5±1.4* | 4.44E-44 |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 9.4±13.5 | 12.9±10.5* | 15.4±11.8*§ | 2.39E-08 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.9±1.2 | 3.6±3.1* | 5.9±4.9*§ | 3.64E-23 |
| Systolic BP | 133.3±22.7 | 138.7±21.3 | 139.6±22 | 0.040 |
| Diastolic BP | 77.9±12.6 | 79.7±11.2 | 79.2±13.9 | 0.457 |
| CRP | 0.7±1.1 | 0.9±1.7 | 1±1.2 | 0.058 |
| Serum potassium | 4.4±0.4 | 4.3±0.4 | 4.5±0.5 | 0.070 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.2±0.9 | 1.1±0.2 | 1.2±0.4 | 0.640 |
| GFR (Mayo) | 86.2±19.7 | 86.8±17.3 | 84.7±22.4 | 0.496 |
| Diuretics | 33 (26.61%) | 35 (32.71%) | 50 (46.3%) | 0.006 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 93 (75%) | 87 (81.31%) | 96 (88.89%) | 0.025 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 58 (46.77%) | 49 (45.79%) | 62 (57.41%) | 0.162 |
| Plasma sphingolipids | ||||
| C16SO (µmol/L) | 15.26±6.46 | 14.67±4.38 | 14.5±5.03 | 0.695 |
| C16SA (µmol/L) | 0.44±0.26 | 0.48±0.21 | 0.49±0.23 | 0.096 |
| C17SO (µmol/L) | 8.11±3 | 7.74±2.43 | 7.31±2.38 | 0.165 |
| C18PhytoSO (µmol/L) | 0.12±0.05 | 0.11±0.04 | 0.11±0.04 | 0.792 |
| C18SAdiene (µmol/L) | 28.64±8.57 | 27.21±6.86 | 26.01±7.68 | 0.033 |
| C18SO (µmol/L) | 94.56±22.14 | 92.67±19.29 | 90.3±19.85 | 0.250 |
| C18SA (µmol/L) | 3.16±1.44 | 3.38±1.15 | 3.7±1.69 | 0.027 |
| C19SO (µmol/L) | 2.88±1.33 | 2.82±1.15 | 2.62±1.08 | 0.262 |
| C20SO (µmol/L) | 0.17±0.06 | 0.18±0.05 | 0.18±0.05 | 0.028 |
| C20SA (µmol/L) | 0.02±0.01 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.03±0.02* | 1.33E-05 |
| 1-deoxySO (µmol/L) | 0.14±0.1 | 0.17±0.09 | 0.22±0.14* | 2.22E-06 |
| 1-deoxySA (µmol/L) | 0.07±0.05 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.09±0.05 | 0.001 |
Values are shown as mean ±SD for the continuous variables and numbers and percentage of total for the categorical variables. p Values were calculated using the ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni correction on the log transformed continuous variables. For the categorical variables, the p value was calculated using the χ2 test. Variables in bold font have significant differences after the Bonferroni correction (p=4.1×10−4). The three groups were compared with each other.
*Represent a significant difference from NFG.
§Represents a significant difference from IFG.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; ATP, Adult Treatment Panel; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C reaction protein; GFR (Mayo) Glomerular filtration rate (Mayo equation); Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1c, glycated Hb; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NFG, normal fasting glucose; SA, sphinganine; SO, sphingosine; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.