Baseline characteristics of patients with MetS and individuals free of MetS
| No MetS at baseline (n=192) | MetS at baseline (n=147) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 64.2±10.1 | 61.2±9.7 | 0.006 |
| Sex (female) | 65 (33.85%) | 43 (29.25%) | 0.367 |
| Hypertension (WHO) | 78 (40.63%) | 98 (66.67%) | 1.98E-06 |
| T2DM (baseline) | 31 (16.15%) | 77 (52.38%) | 1.28E-12 |
| History of smoking | 106 (55.21%) | 97 (65.99%) | 0.045 |
| Coronary artery stenosis >50% | 112 (58.33%) | 98 (66.67%) | 0.117 |
| BMI | 26±4.1 | 28.9±4.2 | 4.59E-11 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91.6±10.7 | 101.6±11.4 | 3.92E-14 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.9±0.1 | 1.0±0.1 | 2.91E-08 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.6±1 | 5.6±1.2 | 0.478 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.4±0.8 | 3.3±0.9 | 0.068 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.4±0.4 | 1±0.3 | 4.49E-19 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.4±0.5 | 2.5±1.6 | 3.18E-22 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 6±1.8 | 7.7±2.5 | 9.56E-20 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6±0.8 | 6.7±1.4 | 2.06E-07 |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 9.1±7.6 | 16.7±15.5 | 2.98E-13 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.4±2.2 | 5.5±4.5 | 2.0E-18 |
| Systolic BP | 130.8±21.1 | 145±21 | 4.82E-10 |
| Diastolic BP | 76.3±12.3 | 82.2±12.2 | 8.29E-06 |
| CRP | 0.7±1 | 1.1±1.7 | 2.65E-05 |
| Serum potassium | 4.4±0.4 | 4.4±0.5 | 0.656 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1±0.5 | 1.2±0.7 | 0.053 |
| GFR (Mayo) | 86.6±18.6 | 85±21.4 | 0.973 |
| T2DM treatment | 31 (16.15%) | 77 (52.38%) | 1.28E-12 |
| Diuretics | 58 (30.21%) | 60 (40.82%) | 0.042 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 149 (77.6%) | 127 (86.39%) | 0.039 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 90 (46.88%) | 79 (53.74%) | 0.210 |
| Plasma sphingolipids | |||
| C16SO (µmol/L) | 15.32±5.38 | 14.19±5.4 | 0.022 |
| C16SA (µmol/L) | 0.45±0.19 | 0.5±0.29 | 0.220 |
| C17SO (µmol/L) | 8.13±2.73 | 7.22±2.45 | 0.002 |
| C18PhytoSO (µmol/L) | 0.12±0.04 | 0.11±0.05 | 0.066 |
| C18SAdiene (µmol/L) | 28.22±7.71 | 26.22±7.88 | 0.014 |
| C18SO (µmol/L) | 94.77±18.48 | 89.79±22.77 | 0.019 |
| C18SA (µmol/L) | 3.21±1.04 | 3.66±1.84 | 0.065 |
| C19SO (µmol/L) | 2.88±1.2 | 2.65±1.19 | 0.043 |
| C20SO (µmol/L) | 0.17±0.05 | 0.18±0.06 | 0.039 |
| C20SA (µmol/L) | 0.02±0.01 | 0.03±0.01 | 2.81E-04 |
| 1-deoxySO (µmol/L) | 0.15±0.09 | 0.21±0.14 | 5.65E-06 |
| 1-deoxySA (µmol/L) | 0.07±0.03 | 0.09±0.06 | 3.26E-05 |
Values are shown as mean±SD for the continuous variables and numbers and per cent of total for the categorical variables. p Values were calculated using the unpaired two-sided t test on the log-transformed continuous variables. For the categorical variables, the p value was calculated using the χ2 test. Variables in bold font have significant differences after the Bonferroni correction (p<0.001).
BMI, body mass index; CRP, C reaction protein; GFR (Mayo), Glomerular filtration rate (Mayo equation); Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1c, glycated Hb; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SA, sphinganine; SO, sphingosine; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.