Baseline values of clinical variables and sphingolipid levels in the incident T2DM group and the group which did not develop T2DM until the end of the study period (8 years)
| No iT2DM (n=70) | iT2DM (n=32) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.3±9.1 | 64.8±10.7 | 0.130 |
| Sex (female) | 26 (37.14%) | 11 (34.38%) | 0.787 |
| Hypertension (WHO) | 28 (40%) | 19 (59.38%) | 0.069 |
| History of smoking | 37 (52.86%) | 14 (43.75%) | 0.393 |
| Coronary artery stenosis >50% | 38 (54.29%) | 23 (71.88%) | 0.093 |
| MetS ATP III Definition | 15 (21.43%) | 14 (43.75%) | 0.020 |
| BMI | 26.4±3.3 | 27±5.3 | 0.722 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.5±10.5 | 96.6±13.8 | 0.162 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.9±0.1 | 1±0.1 | 0.150 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.6±1 | 5.8±1.3 | 0.670 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.5±0.8 | 3.4±0.9 | 0.659 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.3±0.4 | 1.3±0.4 | 0.900 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.6±0.9 | 2.2±1.6 | 0.024 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.8±1.1 | 5.8±0.9 | 0.793 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.7±0.4 | 6±0.5 | 0.006 |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 9±4.6 | 16±26.6 | 0.249 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.3±1.2 | 2.9±2.2 | 0.576 |
| Systolic BP | 131.6±19.1 | 140.5±21.1 | 0.041 |
| Diastolic BP | 76.5±11 | 79.8±14.1 | 0.295 |
| CRP | 0.7±1 | 0.8±1.5 | 0.773 |
| Serum potassium | 4.3±0.4 | 4.5±0.3 | 0.027 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1±0.1 | 1.2±1 | 0.194 |
| GFR (Mayo) | 89.5±15.3 | 85±23 | 0.111 |
| Diuretics | 20 (28.57%) | 12 (37.5%) | 0.367 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 57 (81.43%) | 31 (96.88%) | 0.035 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 37 (52.86%) | 16 (50%) | 0.789 |
| C16SO (µmol/L) | 15.27±5.34 | 16.29±8.99 | 0.937 |
| C16SA (µmol/L) | 0.46±0.19 | 0.52±0.42 | 0.518 |
| C17SO (µmol/L) | 7.96±2.78 | 8.66±3.88 | 0.874 |
| C18PhytoSO (µmol/L) | 0.11±0.04 | 0.13±0.09 | 0.284 |
| C18SAdiene (µmol/L) | 28.37±7.55 | 30.76±12.14 | 0.566 |
| C18SO (µmol/L) | 93.08±19.41 | 101.83±32.38 | 0.188 |
| C18SA (µmol/L) | 3.28±1.12 | 3.66±2.17 | 0.518 |
| C19SO (µmol/L) | 2.8±1.14 | 3.07±1.48 | 0.470 |
| C20SO (µmol/L) | 0.17±0.05 | 0.19±0.08 | 0.187 |
| C20SA (µmol/L) | 0.02±0.01 | 0.03±0.02 | 0.613 |
| 1-deoxySO (µmol/L) | 0.14±0.06 | 0.2±0.17 | 0.004 |
| 1-deoxySA (µmol/L) | 0.07±0.03 | 0.09±0.08 | 0.011 |
p Values are calculated using the t test on the log transformed variables (variables in bold font are p<0.05).
ATP, Adult Treatment Panel; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C reaction protein; GFR (Mayo) Glomerular filtration rate (Mayo equation); Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1c, glycated Hb; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; iT2DM, incident type 2 diabetes mellitus; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SA, sphinganine; SO, sphingosine.