Baseline characteristics of all patients following classification according to the incidence of CVD during follow-up
| All | CVD event | p Value | Adjusted p value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No event | Event | ||||
| n | 632 | 551 | 81 | ||
| Male (%) | 519 (82.1) | 454 (82.4) | 65 (80.3) | 0.638 | 0.997 |
| Age (years) | 55.7±9.3 | 55.2±9.3 | 58.8±8.7 | 0.001 | 0.030 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 5.7±6.7 | 5.3±6.4 | 8.5±8.2 | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3±3.3 | 23.3±3.3 | 23.6±3.1 | 0.506 | 0.169 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.0±1.7 | 8.0±1.7 | 8.2±1.6 | 0.235 | 0.287 |
| (mmol/mol) | 64.2±18.7 | 63.9±18.9 | 66.5±17.9 | 0.235 | 0.287 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 133.4±21.1 | 132.6±20.6 | 138.8±23.3 | 0.014 | 0.071 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 77.7±12.6 | 77.5±12.4 | 79.6±13.8 | 0.160 | 0.128 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 209.5±37.6 | 208.0±36.6 | 219.7±42.6 | 0.008 | 0.011 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 49.9±12.8 | 50.3±13.0 | 46.9±11.5 | 0.026 | 0.002 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 79.8±18.6 | 80.1±18.5 | 77.8±19.5 | 0.306 | 0.858 |
| Current smoker | 267 (42.3) | 235 (42.7) | 32 (39.5) | 0.593 | 0.889 |
| Alcohol intake | 477 (75.5) | 422 (76.6) | 55 (67.9) | 0.090 | 0.232 |
| Initial therapies | |||||
| Oral antidiabetic drugs† | 263 (41.6) | 222 (40.3) | 41 (50.6) | 0.078 | 0.240 |
| Insulin‡ | 83 (13.1) | 72 (13.1) | 11 (13.6) | 0.898 | 0.598 |
| Antihypertensive agents | 138 (21.8) | 109 (19.8) | 29 (35.8) | 0.001 | 0.023 |
| ACE inhibitors | 54 (8.6) | 39 (7.1) | 15 (18.5) | 0.0006 | 0.004 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 102 (16.2) | 77 (14.0) | 25 (30.9) | 0.0001 | 0.006 |
| β-blockers | 19 (3.0) | 12 (2.2) | 7 (8.6) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| α-blockers | 7 (1.1) | 6 (1.1) | 1 (1.2) | 1.000 | 0.837 |
| Lipid-lowering agents | 68 (10.8) | 53 (9.6) | 15 (18.5) | 0.016 | 0.045 |
Values are numbers (percentages) or means±SDs.
*Age, sex, and diabetes duration-adjusted p value. Age, sex, and diabetes duration were adjusted except for itself, respectively.
†Excludes patients treated with oral antidiabetic drugs and insulin.
‡Includes patients treated with oral antidiabetic drugs and insulin.
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol.