HRs (and 95% CIs) of tertiles of baseline serum carotenoid concentration on incidence of type 2 diabetes among total patients
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum carotenoids | Mean and range of serum carotenoid (mmol/L) | n | Case | Number of person-years | HR 95% CI | P for trend | HR 95% CI | P for trend | |
| Lutein | Lowest (T1) | 0.37 (0.16 to 0.47) | 297 | 19 | 2178 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Middle (T2) | 0.57 (0.49 to 0.65) | 281 | 16 | 2158 | 0.81 (0.42 to 1.58) | 0.77 (0.39 to 1.52) | |||
| Highest (T3) | 0.84 (0.67 to 2.10) | 286 | 16 | 2239 | 0.69 (0.35 to 1.36) | 0.278 | 0.64 (0.32 to 1.28) | 0.207 | |
| Lycopene | Lowest (T1) | 0.13 (0.06 to 0.22) | 297 | 24 | 2194 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Middle (T2) | 0.31 (0.24 to 0.39) | 274 | 13 | 2055 | 0.77 (0.39 to 1.53) | 0.75 (0.37 to 1.50) | |||
| Highest (T3) | 0.57 (0.41 to 1.38) | 293 | 14 | 2325 | 0.83 (0.42 to 1.66) | 0.537 | 0.77 (0.38 to 1.54) | 0.403 | |
| α-Carotene | Lowest (T1) | 0.08 (0.04 to 0.09) | 248 | 22 | 1829 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Middle (T2) | 0.13 (0.11 to 0.15) | 323 | 20 | 2475 | 0.74 (0.39 to 1.38) | 0.67 (0.35 to 1.28) | |||
| Highest (T3) | 0.23 (0.17 to 2.23) | 293 | 9 | 2270 | 0.42 (0.18 to 0.97) | 0.040 | 0.35 (0.15 to 0.82) | 0.015 | |
| β-Carotene | Lowest (T1) | 0.32 (0.07 to 0.46) | 279 | 21 | 2034 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Middle (T2) | 0.64 (0.48 to 0.84) | 304 | 18 | 2356 | 0.81 (0.42 to 1.59) | 0.74 (0.37 to 1.48) | |||
| Highest (T3) | 1.22 (0.85 to 3.33) | 291 | 12 | 2184 | 0.60 (0.27 to 1.34) | 0.216 | 0.53 (0.23 to 1.22) | 0.134 | |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | Lowest (T1) | 0.49 (0.13 to 0.94) | 288 | 20 | 2060 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Middle (T2) | 1.42 (0.96 to 2.14) | 286 | 16 | 2215 | 0.52 (0.27 to 1.03) | 0.53 (0.26 to 1.07) | |||
| Highest (T3) | 3.44 (2.14 to 9.23) | 290 | 15 | 2299 | 0.41 (0.20 to 0.82) | 0.026 | 0.43 (0.20 to 0.92) | 0.028 | |
| Zeaxanthin | Lowest (T1) | 0.17 (0.09 to 0.19) | 292 | 19 | 2122 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Middle (T2) | 0.23 (0.21 to 0.25) | 262 | 17 | 1976 | 0.86 (0.44 to 1.66) | 0.87 (0.45 to 1.68) | |||
| Highest (T3) | 0.31 (0.26 to 0.62) | 310 | 15 | 2476 | 0.58 (0.29 to 1.16) | 0.122 | 0.59 (0.30 to 1.17) | 0.131 | |
| Provitamin A carotenoid | Lowest (T1) | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.07) | 287 | 20 | 2083 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Middle (T2) | 2.28 (2.23 to 2.33) | 289 | 19 | 2199 | 0.73 (0.38 to 1.40) | 0.71 (0.36 to 1.37) | |||
| Highest (T3) | 4.75 (4.59 to 4.92) | 288 | 12 | 2293 | 0.44 (0.20 to 0.94) | 0.034 | 0.41 (0.19 to 0.90) | 0.025 | |
| Non-provitamin A carotenoid | Lowest (T1) | 0.77 (0.75 to 0.79) | 288 | 19 | 2077 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Middle (T2) | 1.13 (1.12 to 1.14) | 288 | 19 | 2231 | 1.12 (0.59 to 2.13) | 1.10 (0.57 to 2.10) | |||
| Highest (T3) | 1.63 (1.60 to 1.66) | 288 | 13 | 2267 | 0.71 (0.35 to 1.45) | 0.380 | 0.66 (0.32 to 1.36) | 0.282 | |
| Total carotenoid | Lowest (T1) | 2.01 (0.70 to 2.77) | 288 | 18 | 2097 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Middle (T2) | 3.50 (2.77 to 4.39) | 288 | 18 | 2161 | 0.79 (0.40 to 1.57) | 0.77 (0.38 to 1.54) | |||
| Highest (T3) | 6.16 (4.44 to 15.18) | 288 | 15 | 2316 | 0.65 (0.31 to 1.35) | 0.247 | 0.61 (0.28 to 1.30) | 0.198 | |
Model 1: Age, sex and BMI were adjusted. Model 2: Current tobacco use, exercise habits, total energy intake excluding ethanol, and ethanol intake were further adjusted.
BMI, body mass index.