Characteristics | Initial cohort | 1:1 Propensity score-matched cohort | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NSAID users | NSAID non-users | d* | NSAID users | NSAID non-users | d* | |||||
N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | |||
Total | 151 790 | 92 343 | 58 805 | 58 805 | ||||||
Male sex | 67 390 | 44.4 | 43 668 | 47.3 | 0.058 | 28 557 | 48.6 | 28 819 | 49.0 | 0.008 |
Age, mean (SD), years | 73.06 (5.90) | 74.47 (7.19) | 0.214 | 74.38 (6.64) | 74.27 (6.70) | |||||
Age group, years | ||||||||||
65–69 | 52 886 | 34.8 | 29 197 | 31.6 | 0.068 | 17 458 | 29.7 | 18 919 | 32.2 | 0.054 |
70–74 | 47 073 | 31.0 | 22 664 | 24.5 | 0.146 | 16 079 | 27.3 | 14 848 | 25.3 | 0.045 |
75–79 | 28 793 | 19.0 | 17 428 | 18.9 | 0.003 | 11 739 | 20.0 | 11 214 | 19.1 | 0.023 |
80+ | 23 038 | 15.2 | 23 054 | 25.0 | 0.246 | 13 529 | 23.0 | 13 824 | 23.5 | 0.012 |
Previous diagnosis | ||||||||||
Hypertension | 98 023 | 64.6 | 61 535 | 66.6 | 0.042 | 38 478 | 65.4 | 38 574 | 65.6 | 0.004 |
Dyslipidemia | 66 642 | 43.9 | 34 289 | 37.1 | 0.139 | 22 565 | 38.4 | 22 434 | 38.2 | 0.006 |
Coronary artery disease | 11 058 | 7.3 | 7270 | 7.9 | 0.023 | 4788 | 8.1 | 4532 | 7.7 | 0.015 |
Heart failure | 6491 | 4.3 | 5904 | 6.4 | 0.093 | 3690 | 6.3 | 3609 | 6.1 | 0.008 |
Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 3572 | 2.4 | 1987 | 2.2 | 0.013 | 1433 | 2.4 | 1295 | 2.2 | 0.013 |
Osteoarthritis | 43 011 | 28.3 | 10 964 | 11.9 | 0.418 | 8027 | 13.7 | 7681 | 13.1 | 0.018 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 3829 | 2.5 | 945 | 1.0 | 0.115 | 817 | 1.4 | 690 | 1.2 | 0.057 |
Liver disease | 31 483 | 20.7 | 14 601 | 15.8 | 0.127 | 10 574 | 18.0 | 10 149 | 17.3 | 0.018 |
Renal failure | 4770 | 3.1 | 5444 | 5.9 | 0.135 | 3269 | 5.6 | 3146 | 5.4 | 0.013 |
Medication use | ||||||||||
Antihypertensive agent | 105 773 | 69.7 | 63 181 | 68.4 | 0.028 | 41 440 | 70.5 | 41 759 | 71.0 | 0.011 |
Anticoagulant | 12 553 | 8.3 | 7893 | 8.6 | 0.007 | 5531 | 9.4 | 5305 | 9.0 | 0.014 |
Antiplatelet agent | 24 665 | 16.3 | 13 304 | 14.4 | 0.050 | 9157 | 15.6 | 8988 | 15.3 | 0.008 |
Aspirin | 57 896 | 38.1 | 33 390 | 36.2 | 0.039 | 21 988 | 37.4 | 21 770 | 37.0 | 0.008 |
Proton pump inhibitor | 14 768 | 9.7 | 5543 | 6.0 | 0.138 | 4132 | 7.0 | 3845 | 6.6 | 0.020 |
Gastroprotective agent | 112 526 | 74.1 | 39 944 | 43.3 | 0.659 | 29 521 | 50.0 | 29 311 | 50.0 | 0.004 |
Corticosteroid | 45 406 | 30.0 | 14 468 | 15.7 | 0.343 | 10 826 | 18.4 | 10 549 | 18.0 | 0.010 |
SSRI | 10 647 | 7.0 | 4787 | 5.2 | 0.075 | 3667 | 6.2 | 3396 | 5.8 | 0.017 |
*Standardized differences.
NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.