Demographic and clinical variables, number (%), and median (minimum–maximum)
| Total N=151 | Physical activity N=151 | Dietary changes N=150 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Preaction n=88 | Action n=63 | Preaction n=119 | Action n=31 | ||
| Demographic variables | ||||||
| Age, years | 151 | 58 (20–80) | 57 (29–80) | 61 (20–79) | 58 (20–80) | 60 (29–78) |
| Gender, male | 151 | 89 (59) | 49 (56) | 40 (64) | 73 (61) | 15 (48) |
| Education (years)* | 151 | |||||
| <12 | 83 (55) | 47 (53) | 36 (57) | 65 (55) | 17 (55) | |
| 12 | 17 (11) | 12 (14) | 5 (8) | 13 (11) | 4 (13) | |
| > 12 | 51 (34) | 29 (33) | 22 (35) | 41 (34) | 10 (32) | |
| Employment status† | 148 | |||||
| Employed | 79 (53) | 43 (50) | 36 (58) | 66 (57) | 13 (42) | |
| Unemployed | 41 (28) | 27 (31) | 14 (23) | 27 (23) | 14 (45) | |
| Retired | 28 (19) | 16 (19) | 12 (19) | 23 (20) | 4 (13) | |
| Cohabitation, cohabiting‡ | 151 | 110 (73) | 65 (74) | 45 (71) | 88 (74) | 21 (68) |
| Clinical variables | ||||||
| Duration of diabetes, years | 138 | 9 (1–36) | 10 (1–34) | 8 (1–36) | 9 (1–34) | 11 (1–36) |
| HbA1c, % | 151 | 7.9 (7.1–12.4) | 7.9 (7.1–12.4) | 7.8 (7.1–11.6) | 7.9 (7.1–12.4) | 7.7 (7.1–10.3) |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 151 | 63 (54–112) | 63 (54–112) | 62 (54–103) | 63 (54–112) | 61 (54–89) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 120 | 134 (100–182) | 130 (100–182) | 135 (100–182) | 134 (100–182) | 132 (100–159) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 129 | 31 (20–53) | 33 (24–53)§ | 30 (20–53)§ | 31 (20–53) | 30 (21–44) |
| Normal¶ | 13 (10) | 4 (6) | 9 (16) | 8 (8) | 5 (19) | |
| Overweight | 41 (32) | 21 (29) | 20 (35) | 32 (31) | 8 (31) | |
| Obese class I | 42 (33) | 25 (35) | 17 (30) | 34 (33) | 8 (31) | |
| Obese class II | 20 (16) | 12 (17) | 8 (14) | 18 (18) | 2 (8) | |
| Obese class III | 13 (10) | 10 (14) | 3 (5) | 10 (10) | 3 (12) | |
| Comorbidities | 151 | |||||
| 0 | 24 (16) | 10 (11) | 14 (22) | 16 (13) | 8 (26) | |
| 1–2 | 97 (64) | 56 (64) | 41 (65) | 81 (68) | 16 (52) | |
| 3 or more | 30 (20) | 22 (25) | 8 (13) | 22 (19) | 7 (23) | |
| Late complication–eye | 151 | 19 (13) | 10 (11) | 9 (14) | 12 (10) | 7 (23) |
| Late complication–foot ulcer | 151 | 23 (15) | 17 (19) | 6 (10) | 20 (17) | 3 (10) |
| Treatment variable | ||||||
| Medication regime | 131 | |||||
| No medication | 9 (7) | 3 (4) | 6 (11) | 7 (7) | 2 (8) | |
| Oral agents only | 63 (48) | 41 (55) | 22 (39) | 54 (52) | 9 (35) | |
| Injections only** | 19 (15) | 10 (14) | 9 (16) | 13 (13) | 5 (19) | |
| Combination of oral agents and injections | 40 (31) | 20 (27) | 20 (35) | 30 (29) | 10 (39) | |
| Self-monitoring of blood glucose, yes | 151 | 142 (94) | 83 (94) | 59 (94) | 112 (94) | 29 (94) |
*Education: some high school or less (<12 years), high-school graduate (12 years), or some college or more (>12 years).
†Employment status: employed (state employee, private employee, self-employed or part-time), unemployed (student, military duty, homemaker, unemployed, or unable to work), or retired.
‡Cohabitation status: living alone: not married, divorced, separated or widowed, or cohabiting: married or living with someone.
§Significant difference between the groups, using Mann-Whitney, p<0.014.
¶BMI classification: Normal 18.5–25, Overweight 25–30, Obese class I 30–35, Obese class II 35–40, and Obese Class III >40.
**Injections were both insulin and other blood glucose-lowering injections.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.