Diabetes knowledge, confidence and management at 12 months follow-up
| Young person | Parent/carer | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control | Intervention | Intervention | Control | Intervention | |
| Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Effect (95% CI) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Effect (95% CI) | |
| Regimen | ||||||
| Number of injections per day | 4.0 (4.0, 4.0) | 4.0 (4.0, 4.0) | 0.08 (−0.22 to 0.34) | |||
| Average total dose of quick acting insulin per day | 30.0 (22.0, 42.0) | 25.5 (16.0, 37.0) | 5.06 (1.04 to 9.93) | |||
| Average total dose of slow acting insulin per day | 30.0 (22.0, 42.0) | 26.5 (15.5, 36.0) | 4.94 (0.61 to 9.16) | |||
| Management | ||||||
| Number of severe hypoglycemic episodes in last month; n (%) | ||||||
| 1 | 9 (6.3) | 11 (7.1) | 0.76* (0.35 to 1.67) | |||
| 2 | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.3) | ||||
| 3 | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) | ||||
| 4 | 0 | 1 (0.7) | ||||
| 5 | 0 | 1 (0.7) | ||||
| Number of times admitted in past 6 months; n (%) | ||||||
| 1 | 17 (11.9) | 14 (9.0) | 1.08* (0.54 to 2.14) | |||
| 2 | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.3) | ||||
| 6 | 0 | 1 (0.7) | ||||
| 8 | 0 | 1 (0.7) | ||||
| Number of times attended diabetes clinic in last year | 4.0 (3.5, 4.0) | 4.0 (3.5, 4.0) | 0.01 (−0.22 to 0.24) | |||
| Visit hospital doctor most/every visit; n (%) | 127 (93.4) | 127 (90.1) | 2.71 (0.81 to 9.05) | |||
| Visit diabetes nurse most/every visit; n (%) | 128 (91.4) | 143 (95.3) | 0.68 (0.22 to 2.05) | |||
| Visit dietician occasionally or more often; n (%) | 121 (91.7) | 122 (90.37) | 1.64 (0.53 to 5.06) | |||
| Visit psychologist occasionally or more often; n (%) | 19 (20.2) | 12 (11.0) | 3.64 (0.56 to 23.63) | |||
| Pedsq1—general; median (IQR) | ||||||
| Physical health summary score | 90.6 (84.4, 96.9) | 88.4 (78.1, 96.9) | 0.34 (−2.51 to 2.62) | 90.6 (81.3, 96.9) | 87.5 (71.9, 93.8) | 2.24 (−1.34 to 5.10) |
| Psychosocial health summary score | 81.7 (70.0, 88.3) | 81.7 (71.4, 90.0) | −1.85 (−4.29 to 0.24) | 78.3 (63.3, 88.3) | 71.7 (58.3, 83.3) | 1.76 (−1.50 to 5.79) |
| Total score | 83.7 (76.1, 90.2) | 82.6 (75.0, 89.1) | −1.09 (−3.15 to 0.63) | 82.6 (70.7, 89.1) | 77.2 (63.0, 85.9) | 1.74 (−1.14 to 5.00) |
| PedsQL—diabetes module; median (IQR) | ||||||
| Diabetes score | 61.4 (51.1, 72.7) | 61.4 (50.0, 70.5) | 0.62 (−2.35 to 3.04) | 56.8 (50.0, 70.5) | 54.5 (40.9, 65.9) | 1.13 (−1.72 to 4.02) |
| Treatment 1 score | 75.0 (56.3, 87.5) | 81.3 (62.5, 93.8) | −0.80 (−5.14 to 3.08) | 62.5 (50.0, 81.3) | 62.5 (50.0, 81.3) | 0.79 (−2.58 to 4.10) |
| Treatment 2 score | 85.7 (75.0, 92.9) | 87.5 (75.0, 96.4) | −1.90 (−4.99 to 1.97) | 82.1 (64.3, 92.9) | 75.0 (62.5, 89.3) | 2.37 (−0.40 to 5.37) |
| Worry score | 75.0 (58.3, 91.7) | 75.0 (58.3, 91.7) | −0.77 (−5.43 to 3.94) | 75.0 (50.0, 91.7) | 66.7 (50.0, 83.3) | 3.59 (−1.50 to 7.57) |
| Communication score | 75.0 (58.3, 91.7) | 79.2 (58.3, 91.7) | −1.34 (−6.31 to 4.01) | 75.0 (50.0, 100.0) | 75.0 (50.0, 100.0) | 2.30 (−2.44 to 8.64) |
| Diabetes family responsibility questionnaire; median (IQR) | ||||||
| Family responsibility total score—young person (weighted*†) | 36.0 (32.9, 39.0) | 36.0 (32.6, 40.0) | 0.01 (−0.85 to 0.81) | 33.0 (29.0, 36.0) | 32.5 (29.0, 36.0) | 0.62 (−0.17 to 1.47) |
| Dyadic parent–child responsibility pattern | – | – | – | 0 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 1) | 0.00 (−0.22 to 0.20) |
| Strengths and difficulties questionnaire; median (IQR) | ||||||
| Strengths and difficulties total average impact score | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.09 (−0.21 to 0.43) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | −0.03 (−0.31 to 0.27) |
| Normal; n (%) | 130 (87.8) | 148 (93.7) | – | 118 (83.7) | 127 (82.5) | – |
| Borderline; n (%) | 1 (0.7) | 3 (1.9) | 5 (3.6) | 5 (3.3) | ||
| Abnormal; n (%) | 17 (11.5) | 7 (4.4) | 18 (12.8) | 22 (14.3) | ||
| Body weight and insulin; median (IQR) | ||||||
| Happiness with body weight | 7.0 (4.0, 9.0) | 7.0 (4.0, 9.0) | −0.24 (−0.65 to 0.29) | – | – | – |
| Number of times skipped insulin in last month | 0 (0, 2) | 0 (0.3) | 0.82* (0.48 to 1.38) | – | – | – |
| Ever skipped insulin to lose weight; n (%) | 4 (2.7) | 11 (6.9) | 0.28 (0.07 to 1.13) | – | – | – |
*OR for once or more versus none.
†Weighted to allow for non-response.
PedsQL, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory.