Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Final model | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Predisposing factors (traditional) | ||||||
Age group (years) | ||||||
40–54 | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
55–64 | 0.95 (0.48 to 1.86) | 0.85 (0.39 to 1.82) | 0.94 (0.37 to 2.38) | 0.63 (0.21 to 1.87) | 0.79 (0.38 to 1.65) | 0.82 (0.40 to 1.65) |
65 and older | 4.24 (1.90 to 9.46) | 5.83 (2.51 to 13.54) | 3.02 (1.27 to 7.16) | 1.35 (0.43 to 4.29) | 2.43 (1.09 to 5.39) | 2.62 (1.22 to 5.60) |
Gender | ||||||
Women | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Men | 1.34 (0.67 to 2.65) | |||||
Hispanic Latino background | ||||||
Cuban | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Central/South American | 0.80 (0.43 to 1.49) | |||||
Other | 0.78 (0.18 to 3.34) | |||||
Marital status | ||||||
Single | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Married or living with partner | 1.05 (0.37 to 3.01) | |||||
Separated/divorced/widowed | 0.91 (0.26 to 3.19) | |||||
Educational attainment | ||||||
No high school degree/GED | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
High school degree/GED | 0.33 (0.12 to 0.91) | 0.31 (0.10 to 0.95) | 0.43 (0.13 to 1.40) | 0.42 (0.08 to 2.26) | 0.31 (0.10 to 1.00) | 0.30 (0.10 to 0.96) |
Greater than a high school degree/GED | 1.39 (0.63 to 3.05) | 1.47 (0.70 to 3.09) | 1.92 (0.87 to 4.23) | 4.87 (1.04 to 22.79) | 1.48 (0.71 to 3.11) | 1.43 (0.69 to 2.98) |
Employment status | ||||||
Employed | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Retired, not currently employed | 1.59 (0.57 to 4.40) | |||||
Unemployed | 1.32 (0.67 to 2.61) | |||||
Predisposing factors (vulnerable) | ||||||
Place of birth | ||||||
Foreign born | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
USA born (including territories) | 0.99 (0.08 to 12.05) | |||||
Years lived in USA (if foreign born) | ||||||
≤5 | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
6–15 | 0.76 (0.24 to 2.35) | 1.16 (0.36 to 3.79) | ||||
>15 | 1.78 (0.53 to 5.98) | 1.77 (0.49 to 6.31) | ||||
SASH Language subscale | 1.49 (0.39 to 5.72) | |||||
SASH Ethnic Social Relations subscale | 1.23 (0.52 to 2.93) | |||||
Enabling factors | ||||||
Health insurance | ||||||
Currently insured | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Currently uninsured | 0.49 (0.18 to 1.33) | 0.27 (0.07 to 1.00) | 0.37 (0.15 to 0.88) | 0.34 (0.14 to 0.83) | ||
Never been insured | 0.37 (0.11 to 1.25) | 0.11 (0.03 to 0.37) | 0.21 (0.07 to 0.58) | 0.19 (0.07 to 0.51) | ||
Vision insurance (not health) | ||||||
Yes | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
No | 0.56 (0.18 to 1.72) | |||||
Household income | ||||||
<$20 000 | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
$20 001–$40 000 | 0.81 (0.37 to 1.81) | |||||
>$40 000 | 0.96 (0.25 to 3.72) | |||||
Difficulty communicating with a healthcare provider in the past 12 months | ||||||
Yes | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
No | 0.71 (0.17 to 2.92) | |||||
Did not see provider past 12 months | 0.56 (0.15 to 2.12) | |||||
Could not get needed healthcare in previous 12 months because of cost | ||||||
Yes | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
No | 0.92 (0.32 to 2.71) | |||||
Need factors | ||||||
Mean SF-12 Physical Health Score | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.04) | |||||
Mean SF-12 Mental Health Score | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.02) | |||||
6-Item Neurocognitive Score (continuous) | 0.70 (0.37 to 1.33) | |||||
Word fluency score (continuous) | 0.98 (0.90 to 1.05) | |||||
Digital symbol score (continuous) | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.05) | |||||
Self-reported chronic diseases | ||||||
None | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
One | 3.42 (0.59 to 19.74) | 0.82 (0.23 to 2.86) | ||||
Two or more | 3.34 (0.79 to 14.11) | 1.63 (0.41 to 6.53) | ||||
Smoking status | ||||||
Never | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Former | 1.27 (0.52 to 3.09) | |||||
Current | 1.63 (0.43 to 6.15) | |||||
NIAAA risky alcohol use | ||||||
Non-drinker | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Low-risk drinker | 2.27 (0.75 to 6.89) | |||||
At-risk drinker | 1.00 (0.19 to 5.30) | |||||
Meets 2008 physical activity guidelines | ||||||
Yes | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
No | 1.56 (0.53 to 4.62) | |||||
A1C (continuous) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.02) | |||||
Self-reported visual impairment | ||||||
Excellent/good | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Fair | 1.85 (0.62 to 5.51) | |||||
Poor/very poor | 2.33 (0.41 to 13.35) | |||||
NEI-VFQ composite score | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.06) | |||||
Ocular knowledge factors | ||||||
Self-reported diabetes at baseline | ||||||
No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Yes | 1.17 (0.47 to 2.92) | |||||
General eye knowledge summary scale | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.22) | |||||
Heard/seen something about eye health past 12 months from various sources | ||||||
No sources | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
One source | 1.66 (0.63 to 4.40) | 1.57 (0.62 to 3.97) | ||||
Two or more sources | 3.10 (1.39 to 6.94) | 2.82 (1.26 to 6.28) | ||||
Heard of diabetic retinopathy | ||||||
No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | |
Yes | 0.82 (0.41 to 1.65) |
Ocular SOL, Ocular Study of Latinos; NEI-VFQ, National Eye Institute-Visual Functioning Questionnaire; SASH, Short Acculturation Score for Hispanics/Latinos.