No diabetes (N=971) | Diabetes (N=264) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | %/Mean | SE* | n | %/Mean | SE* | |
Last complete dilated eye examination | ||||||
Within last 12 months | 296 | 36.52 | 2.13 | 135 | 61.80 | 3.54 |
1–3 years ago | 274 | 29.65 | 2.00 | 64 | 22.45 | 3.10 |
3–5 years ago | 103 | 11.31 | 1.22 | 16 | 6.37 | 1.98 |
>5 years ago | 151 | 17.77 | 1.60 | 21 | 6.49 | 1.33 |
Never | 47 | 4.75 | 0.76 | 7 | 2.89 | 1.12 |
Predisposing factors (traditional) | ||||||
Age group (years) | ||||||
40–54 | 602 | 61.37 | 2.33 | 89 | 26.81 | 3.35 |
55–64 | 306 | 25.71 | 1.95 | 119 | 31.86 | 3.05 |
65+ | 63 | 12.92 | 1.62 | 56 | 41.33 | 4.38 |
Gender | ||||||
Women | 606 | 54.44 | 1.77 | 151 | 49.48 | 3.80 |
Men | 365 | 45.56 | 1.77 | 113 | 50.52 | 3.80 |
Hispanic Latino background | ||||||
Cuban | 580 | 72.52 | 2.20 | 168 | 76.27 | 3.32 |
Central/South American | 329 | 20.35 | 1.75 | 78 | 14.91 | 2.46 |
Other | 62 | 7.13 | 1.21 | 18 | 8.82 | 2.44 |
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 192 | 18.47 | 1.67 | 44 | 15.69 | 3.32 |
Married or living with partner | 522 | 56.72 | 2.59 | 150 | 54.55 | 3.99 |
Separated, divorced, or widowed | 256 | 24.81 | 1.77 | 67 | 29.75 | 3.50 |
Educational attainment | ||||||
No HS degree/GED | 238 | 22.57 | 2.00 | 90 | 34.11 | 3.06 |
HS degree/GED | 256 | 25.68 | 2.06 | 59 | 21.53 | 2.80 |
>HS degree/GED | 477 | 51.75 | 2.24 | 113 | 44.36 | 3.30 |
Employment status | ||||||
Employed | 63 | 10.20 | 1.46 | 45 | 26.08 | 4.31 |
Retired and not currently employed | 418 | 41.08 | 2.00 | 139 | 46.86 | 3.90 |
Unemployed | 489 | 48.72 | 1.85 | 79 | 27.06 | 3.58 |
Predisposing factors (vulnerable) | ||||||
Place of birth | ||||||
Foreign born | 935 | 95.08 | 1.25 | 256 | 97.83 | 0.94 |
USA born (including territories) | 36 | 4.92 | 1.25 | 6 | 2.17 | 0.94 |
Years lived in USA (among foreign born) | ||||||
≥5 | 263 | 30.26 | 2.20 | 52 | 19.72 | 3.12 |
6–15 | 356 | 34.85 | 1.96 | 90 | 32.91 | 4.36 |
>15 | 352 | 34.89 | 2.69 | 122 | 47.37 | 5.07 |
SASH Language Preference subscale | 970 | 1.40 | 0.026 | 262 | 1.33 | 0.05 |
SASH Ethnic Social Relations subscale | 889 | 1.97 | 0.023 | 239 | 1.96 | 0.04 |
Enabling factors | ||||||
Health insurance | ||||||
Currently insured | 338 | 40.11 | 2.91 | 143 | 67.87 | 3.81 |
Currently uninsured | 416 | 40.44 | 2.47 | 66 | 18.70 | 2.37 |
Never been insured | 211 | 19.45 | 1.78 | 50 | 13.43 | 2.88 |
Type of health insurance | ||||||
Medicaid | 27 | 3.91 | 1.11 | 15 | 5.09 | 1.73 |
Medicare | 166 | 19.68 | 1.93 | 83 | 41.94 | 3.84 |
Private | 141 | 15.62 | 2.20 | 42 | 19.04 | 3.79 |
Other insurance | 4 | 0.52 | 0.33 | 3 | 0.98 | 0.58 |
None | 633 | 60.27 | 2.90 | 121 | 32.95 | 3.90 |
Vision insurance (separate from health) | ||||||
Yes | 52 | 6.52 | 1.32 | 22 | 11.54 | 3.08 |
No | 913 | 93.48 | 1.32 | 242 | 88.46 | 3.08 |
Household income | ||||||
<$20 000 | 517 | 56.20 | 2.54 | 153 | 64.20 | 4.06 |
$20 001–$40 000 | 262 | 30.31 | 2.11 | 66 | 29.22 | 3.79 |
>$40 000 | 84 | 13.50 | 1.91 | 14 | 6.58 | 2.50 |
Difficulty communicating with a healthcare provider in the past 12 months | ||||||
No | 350 | 37.96 | 2.65 | 145 | 59.34 | 4.33 |
Yes | 38 | 3.42 | 0.75 | 16 | 5.97 | 1.95 |
Did not see provider past 12 months | 583 | 58.62 | 2.84 | 103 | 34.69 | 4.54 |
Could not get needed healthcare in the previous 12 months because of cost | ||||||
No | 813 | 83.99 | 1.86 | 228 | 90.76 | 2.10 |
Yes | 158 | 16.01 | 1.86 | 36 | 9.24 | 2.10 |
Need factors | ||||||
Mean SF-12 Physical Health Score | 953 | 49.88 | 0.44 | 257 | 43.63 | 0.94 |
Mean SF-12 Mental Health Score | 953 | 49.49 | 0.45 | 257 | 47.90 | 1.03 |
6-Item Neurocognitive Score (continuous) | 805 | 5.46 | 0.03 | 244 | 5.33 | 0.07 |
Word fluency score (continuous) | 799 | 18.65 | 0.35 | 241 | 16.75 | 0.50 |
Digital symbol score (continuous) | 790 | 34.59 | 0.66 | 239 | 29.28 | 0.75 |
Self-reported chronic diseases | ||||||
None | 474 | 48.16 | 2.05 | 41 | 14.61 | 2.64 |
One | 382 | 38.83 | 1.91 | 74 | 24.28 | 2.94 |
Two or more | 115 | 13.01 | 1.42 | 149 | 61.11 | 3.36 |
Smoking status | ||||||
Never | 513 | 52.43 | 1.97 | 130 | 49.47 | 4.06 |
Former | 227 | 22.66 | 1.75 | 85 | 35.44 | 3.46 |
Current | 227 | 24.91 | 2.07 | 47 | 15.09 | 2.19 |
NIAAA risky alcohol use | ||||||
Non-drinker | 335 | 39.69 | 2.17 | 116 | 57.37 | 4.39 |
Low-risk drinker | 385 | 53.87 | 2.23 | 69 | 38.63 | 4.54 |
At-risk drinker | 47 | 6.44 | 1.17 | 10 | 4.00 | 1.34 |
Meets 2008 physical activity guidelines | ||||||
No | 420 | 43.41 | 1.79 | 136 | 56.59 | 3.42 |
Yes | 550 | 56.59 | 1.79 | 126 | 43.41 | 3.42 |
HbA1C (continuous) | 965 | 37.08 | 0.18 | 262 | 56.09 | 1.53 |
Self-reported visual impairment | ||||||
Excellent/good | 493 | 53.23 | 2.06 | 147 | 58.13 | 4.43 |
Fair | 391 | 37.42 | 2.03 | 90 | 32.60 | 4.04 |
Poor/very poor | 86 | 9.34 | 1.18 | 26 | 9.27 | 1.96 |
NEI-VFQ composite score | 971 | 86.62 | 0.77 | 264 | 84.05 | 1.07 |
Ocular knowledge factors | ||||||
Self-reported diabetes status at baseline examination | ||||||
No | 961 | 98.91 | 0.40 | 117 | 41.34 | 3.39 |
Yes | 9 | 1.09 | 0.40 | 145 | 58.66 | 3.39 |
General eye knowledge summary scale | 971 | 6.88 | 0.06 | 264 | 6.92 | 0.12 |
Heard/seen something about eye health past 12 months from various sources | ||||||
No sources | 292 | 29.96 | 1.89 | 68 | 27.67 | 3.26 |
One source | 362 | 35.52 | 1.96 | 94 | 34.98 | 3.44 |
Two or more sources | 317 | 34.52 | 2.28 | 100 | 37.36 | 3.53 |
Heard of diabetic retinopathy | ||||||
Yes | 318 | 34.89 | 1.95 | 120 | 46.67 | 3.73 |
No | 652 | 65.11 | 1.95 | 143 | 53.33 | 3.73 |
Ocular SOL, Ocular Study of Latinos; NEI-VFQ, National Eye Institute-Visual Functioning Questionnaire; SASH, Short Acculturation Score for Hispanics/Latinos; SE, standard error.