Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study cohort
| Variable | Numbers with data Total, men/women | Total (N=8699) | Men (N=5292) | Women (N=3407) | X2 test p value (male/female differences) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age groups | |||||
| <40 | 8699, 5292/3407 | 1016 (11.7) | 625 (11.8) | 391 (11.5) | 0.635 |
| 40–49 | 2288 (26.3) | 1385 (26.2) | 903 (26.5) | 0.731 | |
| 50–59 | 2815 (32.3) | 1728 (32.6) | 1087 (31.9) | 0.466 | |
| 60+ | 2580 (29.7) | 1554 (29.3) | 1026 (30.1) | 0.558 | |
| Socioeconomic status | |||||
| Low | 6346, 3766/2580 | 2239 (35.3) | 1345 (35.7) | 894 (34.6) | 0.384 |
| Middle | 2516 (39.6) | 1499 (39.8) | 1017 (39.4) | 0.758 | |
| High | 1591 (25.1) | 922 (24.5) | 669 (25.9) | 0.191 | |
| Diabetes duration (year) | |||||
| <2 | 5081, 3027/2054 | 948 (18.6) | 554 (18.3) | 394 (19.2) | 0.429 |
| 2–5 | 2263 (44.5) | 1340 (44.2) | 923 (44.9) | 0.638 | |
| >5 | 1870 (36.8) | 1133 (37.4) | 737 (35.9) | 0.261 | |
| Smoking/tobacco use | 7695, 4678/3017 | 1633 (21.2) | 1201 (25.6) | 432 (14.3) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity | 7029, 4372/2657 | 3150 (44.8) | 2122 (48.5) | 1028 (38.7) | <0.001 |
| Obesity, BMI≥25 kg/m2 | 8699, 5292/3407 | 3070 (35.3) | 1773 (33.5) | 1293 (37.9) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 8673, 5275/3398 | 4464 (51.5) | 2583 (48.9) | 1881 (55.3) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL | 3979, 2469/1510 | 1390 (34.9) | 824 (33.4) | 566 (37.5) | 0.008 |
| LDL cholesterol ≥100 mg/dL | 3979, 2469/1510 | 1989 (50.0) | 1193 (48.3) | 796 (52.7) | 0.007 |
| Triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL | 3979, 2469/1510 | 1403 (35.2) | 866 (35.0) | 537 (35.5) | 0.754 |
| HDL<40/50 mg/dL | 3979, 2469/1510 | 1945 (48.9) | 1025 (41.5) | 920 (60.9) | 0.001 |
| Macrovascular complications | |||||
| Coronary heart disease | 7131, 4391/2740 | 1099 (15.4) | 720 (16.4) | 379 (13.8) | 0.003 |
| Others (stroke, PAD) | 372 (5.2) | 232 (8.5) | 140 (5.1) | 0.743 | |
| Microvascular diseases | |||||
| Retinopathy | 4851, 2992/1859 | 298 (6.1) | 183 (6.1) | 115 (6.1) | 0.994 |
| Others | 670 (13.9) | 424 (14.2) | 246 (13.2) | 0.357 | |
| Hypothyroidism | 5423, 3289/2134 | 500 (9.2) | 222 (6.7) | 278 (13.0) | <0.001 |
| Chronic renal disease (serum creatinine ≥2.0 mg/dL) | 6381, 3915/2466 | 356 (5.6) | 267 (6.8) | 89 (3.6) | <0.001 |
Numbers in parentheses are percent.
BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PAD, peripheral arterial disease.