Characteristics of the STEPS participants according to normal glucose status, pre-diabetes and diabetes
| Characteristic | Normal | Pre-diabetes | Diabetes | Total | p value Pearson's χ2 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | ||
| Sex | 0.536 | ||||||||||||
| Male | 371 | 38.6 | 35.6% to 41.8% | 57 | 41.9 | 33.8% to 50.5% | 17 | 45.9 | 30.1% to 62.6% | 445 | 39.3 | 36.5% to 42.2% | |
| Female | 589 | 61.4 | 58.2% to 64.4% | 79 | 58.1 | 49.5% to 66.2% | 20 | 54.1 | 37.4% to 69.8% | 688 | 60.7 | 57.8% to 63.5% | |
| Age | 0.000 | ||||||||||||
| 18–25 | 200 | 21.0 | 18.6% to 23.7% | 20 | 14.8 | 9.7% to 21.9% | 2 | 5.4 | 1.2% to 20.3% | 222 | 19.8 | 17.5% to 22.2% | |
| 25–35 | 238 | 25.0 | 22.4% to 27.9% | 23 | 17.0 | 11.5% to 24.4% | 10 | 27.0 | 14.7% to 44.2% | 271 | 24.1 | 21.7% to 26.7% | |
| 35–45 | 306 | 32.2 | 29.3% to 35.2% | 41 | 30.4 | 23.1% to 38.7% | 12 | 32.4 | 18.9% to 49.7% | 359 | 31.9 | 29.3% to 34.8% | |
| 45–55 | 142 | 14.9 | 12.8% to 17.3% | 41 | 30.4 | 23.1% to 38.7% | 9 | 24.3 | 12.8% to 41.4% | 192 | 17.1 | 15.0% to 19.4% | |
| 55–65 | 65 | 6.8 | 5.4% to 8.6% | 10 | 7.4 | 3.9% to 13.3% | 4 | 10.8 | 3.9% to 26.5% | 79 | 7.0 | 5.7% to 8.7% | |
| Marital status | 0.025 | ||||||||||||
| Never married | 242 | 25.2 | 22.6% to 28.1% | 25 | 18.4 | 12.8% to 25.9% | 4 | 10.8 | 3.9% to 26.5% | 271 | 23.9 | 21.5% to 26.5% | |
| Currently married | 652 | 67.9 | 64.9% to 70.8% | 100 | 73.5 | 65.4% to 80.3% | 26 | 70.27 | 53.0% to 83.2% | 778 | 68.7 | 65.9% to 71.3% | |
| Divorced | 46 | 4.78 | 3.6% to 6.3% | 6 | 4.4 | 1.9% to 9.6% | 4 | 10.81 | 3.9% to 26.5% | 56 | 4.9 | 3.8% to 6.4% | |
| Widowed | 20 | 2.1 | 1.3% to 3.2% | 5 | 3.7 | 1.5% to 8.6% | 3 | 8.10 | 2.4% to 23.3% | 28 | 2.5 | 1.7% to 3.6% | |
| Consanguinity between mother and father | 0.503 | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 353 | 36.8 | 33.8% to 39.9% | 45 | 33.1 | 25.6% to 41.5% | 11 | 29.7 | 16.8% to 46.9% | 409 | 36.1 | 33.3% to 38.9% | |
| No | 607 | 63.2 | 60.1% to 66.2% | 91 | 66.9 | 58.5% to 74.4% | 26 | 70.3 | 53.0% to 83.2% | 724 | 63.9 | 61.1% to 66.7% | |
| Education | 0.007 | ||||||||||||
| No formal schooling | 38 | 3.9 | 2.9% to 5.4% | 12 | 8.8 | 5.0% to 14.9% | 5 | 13.5 | 5.5% to 29.6% | 55 | 4.9 | 3.7% to 6.3% | |
| Less than primary school | 35 | 3.6 | 2.6% to 5.0% | 4 | 2.9 | 1.1% to 7.7% | 4 | 10.8% | 3.9% to 26.5% | 43 | 3.8 | 2.8% to 5.1% | |
| Primary school completed | 74 | 7.7 | 6.2% to 9.6% | 12 | 8.8 | 5.0% to 14.9% | 4 | 10.8 | 3.9% to 26.5% | 90 | 7.9 | 6.5% to 9.7% | |
| Preparatory school completed | 119 | 12.4 | 10.5% to 14.7% | 24 | 17.6 | 12.1% to 25.1% | 5 | 13.5 | 5.5% to 29.6% | 148 | 13.1 | 11.2% to 15.2% | |
| Secondary school completed | 341 | 34.8 | 31.9% to 37.9% | 34 | 25.0 | 18.4% to 33.1% | 12 | 32.4 | 18.9% to 49.7% | 380 | 33.6 | 30.9% to 36.4% | |
| College/university completed | 323 | 33.7 | 30.8% to 36.7% | 44 | 32.4 | 24.9% to 40.8% | 7 | 18.9 | 8.9% to 35.6% | 374 | 33.0 | 30.4% to 35.8% | |
| Postgraduate degree | 36 | 3.8 | 2.7% to 5.12% | 6 | 4.4 | 1.9% to 9.6% | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0% | 42 | 3.7 | 2.78% to 4.9% | |
| BMI | 0.000 | ||||||||||||
| <18.5 | 35 | 3.7 | 2.6% to 5.1% | 3 | 2.2 | 0.7% to 6.7% | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 39 | 3.4 | 2.5% to 4.6% | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 250 | 26.1 | 23.4% to 3.0% | 18 | 13.2 | 8.5% to 20.1% | 6 | 16.2 | 7.2% to 32.6% | 275 | 24.2 | 21.8% to 26.8% | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 280 | 29.3 | 26.5% to 32.2% | 33 | 24.3 | 17.7% to 32.3% | 9 | 24.3 | 12.8% to 41.4% | 323 | 28.5 | 25.9% to 31.2% | |
| 30–40 | 312 | 32.6 | 29.7% to 35.6% | 64 | 47.1 | 38.7% to 55.6% | 14 | 37.83 | 23.3% to 54.9% | 389 | 34.5 | 31.8% to 37.3% | |
| >40 | 80 | 8.4 | 6.8% to 10.3% | 8 | 13.2 | 8.5% to 21.1% | 8 | 21.6 | 10.8% to 38.5% | 106 | 9.4 | 7.8% to 11.2% | |
| Waist circumference | |||||||||||||
| Male | 0.03 | ||||||||||||
| <94 | 127 | 34.7 | 29.9% to 39.7% | 12 | 21.4 | 12.4% to 34.5% | 2 | 11.8 | 2.5 to 4.09 | 141 | 32.1 | 27.9% to 36.7% | |
| 94–102 | 78 | 21.3 | 17.4% to 25.8% | 12 | 21.4 | 12.4% to 34.5% | 2 | 11.8 | 2.5 to 4.09 | 92 | 20.9 | 17.4% to 25.0% | |
| >102 | 161 | 43.9 | 38.9% to 49.1% | 32 | 57.1 | 43.6% to 69.7% | 13 | 76.5 | 48.2% to 91.9% | 206 | 46.9 | 42.3% to 51.6% | |
| Female | 0.036 | ||||||||||||
| <80 | 169 | 29.8 | 26.1% to 33.7% | 15 | 20.0 | 12.3% to 30.8% | 1 | 5.3 | 0.0% to 33.8% | 185 | 27.9 | 24.7% to 31.5% | |
| 80–88 | 105 | 18.5 | 15.5% to 21.9% | 12 | 16.0 | 9.2% to 26.4% | 3 | 15.8 | 4.6% to 42.2% | 120 | 18.1 | 15.4% to 21.3% | |
| >88 | 294 | 51.8 | 47.6% to 55.9% | 48 | 64.0 | 52.3% to 74.2% | 15 | 78.9 | 52.7% to 92.7% | 357 | 53.9 | 50.1% to 57.7% | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 0.000 | ||||||||||||
| <150 | 843 | 88.7 | 86.6% to 90.6% | 111 | 82.8 | 75.4% to 88.4% | 17 | 45.9 | 30.1% to 62.6% | 971 | 86.6 | 84.5% to 88.5% | |
| 150–200 | 69 | 7.3 | 5.8% to 9.1% | 15 | 11.2 | 6.8% to 17.8% | 9 | 24.3 | 12.8% to 41.4% | 93 | 8.3 | 6.8% to 10.1% | |
| >200 | 38 | 4.0 | 2.9% to 5.5% | 8 | 5.9 | 2.9% to 11.6% | 11 | 29.7 | 16.8% to 46.9% | 57 | 5.1 | 3.3% to 6.5% | |
| Family history of diabetes | 0.746 | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 650 | 67.7 | 64.7% to 70.6% | 88 | 64.7 | 56.2% to 72.4% | 24 | 64.9 | 47.6% to 78.9% | 762 | 67.3 | 64.5% to 69.9% | |
| No | 310 | 32.3 | 29.4 to 35.3% | 48 | 35.3 | 27.6% to 43.8% | 13 | 35.1 | 21.1% to 52.4% | 371 | 32.7 | 30.1% to 35.5% | |
| Blood pressure (mm/Hg) | 0.229 | ||||||||||||
| <135/80 | 610 | 63.6 | 60.5% to 66.6% | 81 | 59.6 | 51.0% to 67.6% | 19 | 51.4 | 34.9% to 67.5% | 710 | 62.7 | 59.9% to 65.5% | |
| >135/80 and/or on medication | 349 | 36.4 | 33.3% to 39.5% | 55 | 40.4 | 32.4% to 48.9% | 18 | 48.6 | 32.5% to 65.1% | 422 | 37.3 | 34.5% to 40.1% | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.146 | ||||||||||||
| <40 | 257 | 26.9 | 24.1% to 29.8% | 36 | 26.5 | 19.7% to 34.6% | 17 | 45.9 | 30.1% to 62.6% | 310 | 27.4 | 24.9% to 30.1% | |
| 40–60 | 418 | 43.7 | 40.6% to 46.8% | 61 | 44.9 | 36.6% to 53.4% | 13 | 35.1 | 21.1% to 52.4% | 492 | 43.5 | 40.7% to 46.5% | |
| >60 | 282 | 29.5 | 26.7% to 32.4% | 39 | 28.7 | 21.6% to 36.9% | 7 | 18.9 | 8.9% to 35.6% | 328 | 29.0 | 26.4% to 31.7% | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.004 | ||||||||||||
| <200 | 835 | 87.4 | 85.2% to 89.4% | 112 | 82.4 | 74.9% to 87.9% | 28 | 75.7 | 58.6% to 87.3% | 835 | 86.4 | 84.3% to 88.3% | |
| 200–240 | 102 | 10.7 | 8.9% to 12.8% | 15 | 11.0 | 6.7% to 17.6% | 8 | 21.6 | 10.8% to 38.5% | 102 | 11.1 | 9.4% to 13.1% | |
| >240 | 18 | 1.9 | 1.2% to 2.9% | 9 | 6.6 | 3.5% to 12.3% | 1 | 2.7 | 0.3% to 18.3% | 18 | 2.5 | 1.7% to 3.6% | |
| Smoking | 0.512 | ||||||||||||
| No | 169 | 82.4 | 79.9% to 84.7% | 22 | 83.8 | 76.5% to 89.2% | 9 | 75.7 | 58.6% to 87.2% | 200 | 82.3 | 80% to 84.5% | |
| Yes | 791 | 17.6 | 15.3% to 20.1% | 114 | 16.2 | 10.8% to 23.5% | 28 | 24.3 | 12.8% to 41.4% | 933 | 17.7 | 15.5% to 19.9% | |
BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.