Circulating insulin and substrate concentrations
| C | T2D-O | p | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postabsorptive | Clamp | Postabsorptive | Clamp | Clamp | Group | C × G | |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 30±5 | 381±32 | 35±4 | 460±42 | <0.001 | – | – |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.1±0.2 | 5.3±0.0 | 5.3±0.1 | 5.5±0.1 | – | – | – |
| NEFA (μmol/L) | 418±75 | 51±2 | 468±69 | 61±5 | <0.001 | – | – |
| Leucine (μmol/L) | 103±3 | 106±2 | 121±6* | 116±11 | – | – | – |
| Isoleucine (μmol/L) | 46±2 | 48±2 | 54±3 | 54±5 | – | – | – |
| Valine (μmol/L) | 179±8 | 162±6 | 197±9 | 177±13 | <0.001 | – | – |
| Branched-chain AA (μmol/L) | 328±12 | 317±9 | 372±17 | 347±29 | – | – | – |
| Essential AA (μmol/L) | 671±17 | 700±18 | 768±28† | 793±43 | – | 0.018 | – |
| Non-essential AA (μmol/L) | 1405±90 | 1421±61 | 1321±67 | 1375±74 | – | – | – |
| Total AA (μmol/L) | 2075±90 | 2121±48 | 2089±80 | 2167±95 | – | – | – |
| α-Ketoisocaproic acid (µmol/L) | 48±1 | 33±2 | 68±6* | 44±5* | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.033 |
| Arginine (µmol/L) | 56±5 | 79±4 | 60±9 | 84±13 | <0.001 | – | – |
| ADMA (µmol/L) | 0.625±0.039 | 0.578±0.031 | 0.634±0.044 | 0.602±0.038 | 0.001 | – | – |
| SDMA (µmol/L) | 0.485±0.020 | 0.468±0.022 | 0.517±0.013 | 0.485±0.010 | <0.001 | – | – |
| NMMA (µmol/L) | 0.113±0.014 | 0.103±0.010 | 0.121±0.014 | 0.113±0.013 | 0.020 | – | – |
Data are mean ± SEM.
*p<0.05 vs C of the same period, by Mann-Whitney U test.
†p<0.05 vs C postabsorptive, by independent samples t-test.
ADMA, asymmetrical dimethylarginine; C × G, clamp × group; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acid; NMMA, N-G-monomethyl-l-arginine; SDMA, symmetrical dimethylarginine.