Characteristics of prostate cancer cases and matched controls at index date
| N (%) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Cases (n=756) | Controls (n=2942) | |
| Age (years) | ||
| Mean | 73.4 | 72.6 |
| 40–49 | 2 (0.3) | 7 (0.2) |
| 50–59 | 44 (5.8) | 195 (6.6) |
| 60–69 | 191 (25.3) | 828 (28.1) |
| 70–79 | 340 (45) | 1305 (44.4) |
| ≥80 | 179 (23.7) | 607 (20.6) |
| BMI | ||
| Mean | 28.6 | 29.6 |
| <30 | 241 (65.1) | 797 (58.5) |
| 30–35 | 93 (25.1) | 360 (26.4) |
| ≥35 | 36 (9.7) | 205 (15.1) |
| Smoking history | ||
| Yes | 569 (75.9) | 2218 (75.9) |
| No | 181 (24.1) | 706 (24.1) |
| Alcohol history | ||
| Yes | 119 (77.8) | 497 (79.0) |
| No | 25 (16.3) | 90 (40.3) |
| Ex | 9 (5.9) | 42 (6.7) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Bangladeshi | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.1) |
| Black British | 18 (2.4) | 17 (0.6) |
| Chinese | 4 (0.5) | 5 (0.2) |
| Indian | 3 (0.4) | 38 (1.4) |
| Mixed | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.2) |
| Other Asian | 1 (0.1) | 10 (0.4) |
| Other | 6 (0.8) | 16 (0.6) |
| Pakistani | 1 (0.1) | 11 (0.4) |
| Unknown | 63 (8.4) | 379 (14.3) |
| White | 651 (87.1) | 2162 (81.7) |
| HbA1c levels | ||
| <7.0 | 334 (47.2) | 1221 (45.5) |
| 7.0–8.9 | 308 (43.6) | 1204 (44.8) |
| ≥9.0 | 65 (9.2) | 261 (9.7) |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | ||
| 0–4 | 545 (72.1) | 2131 (72.4) |
| 5–9 | 195 (25.8) | 753 (25.6) |
| 10–14 | 16 (2.1) | 58 (2) |
| Duration of exposure (months) | ||
| <12 | 15 (35.7) | 87 (43.1) |
| 12–23 | 6 (14.3) | 47 (23.3) |
| 24–35 | 12 (28.6) | 22 (10.9) |
| 36–59 | 6 (14.3) | 34 (16.8) |
| ≥60 | 3 (7.1) | 12 (5.9) |
| Cumulative dose (mg) | ||
| 1-9000 | 14 (33.3) | 91 (45) |
| 9001-25 000 | 15 (35.7) | 60 (29.7) |
| 25 001-50 000 | 10 (23.8) | 32 (15.8) |
| ≥50 001 | 3 (7.1) | 19 (9.4) |
| Exposure to antidiabetic medication | ||
| Pioglitazone | 42 (5.6) | 202 (6.9) |
| Metformin | 602 (79.6) | 2320 (78.9) |
| Sulfonylureas | 311 (41.1) | 1139 (38.7) |
| Insulins | 23 (3) | 97 (3.3) |
| TZDs | 45 (6) | 205 (7) |
| Other | 37 (4.9) | 145 (4.9) |
| History of | ||
| Diabetic renal complications | 231 (30.6) | 834 (28.3) |
| BPH | 252 (33.3) | 517 (17.6) |
| BPH treatment with 5α reductase inhibitors | 93 (12.3) | 203 (6.9) |
| BPH treatment with α-blocker | 213 (28.2) | 384 (13.1) |
| BPH procedure | 84 (11.1) | 223 (7.6) |
| Kidney/bladder stones | 35 (4.6) | 98 (3.3) |
| Hematuria | 123 (16.3) | 307 (10.4) |
| Bladder cancer | 37 (4.9) | 73 (2.5) |
| Other urological cancers | 7 (0.9) | 24 (0.8) |
| Vasectomy | 56 (7.4) | 214 (7.3) |
| Prostate inflammation/prostatitis | 20 (2.6) | 63 (2.1) |
| Testosterone replacement | 4 (0.5) | 9 (0.3) |
| Congestive heart failure | 57 (7.5) | 299 (10.2) |
| PSA screen in 3 years prior to index date | ||
| Yes | 617 (81.6) | 712 (24.2) |
| PSA result ≥4 in the 3 years prior to index date | ||
| Yes | 501 (66.3) | 145 (4.9) |
| No | 64 (8.5) | 513 (17.4) |
| Not tested | 139 (18.4) | 2230 (75.8) |
| Result not recorded | 52 (6.9) | 54 (1.8) |
| Most recent PSA test result ≥4 | ||
| Yes | 246 (32.5) | 238 (8.1) |
| No | 318 (42.1) | 1095 (37.2) |
| Not tested | 44 (5.8) | 1417 (48.2) |
| Result not recorded | 148 (19.6) | 192 (6.5) |
BMI, body mass index; BPH,benign prostatic hyperplasia; CED,cohort entry date;HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; TZD, thiazolidinedione.