Impacts of various factors on DM risk in Asian immigrants versus in whites
| 2003 | 2005 | 2007 | 2009 | 2011 | 2013 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.35**(1.08 to 1.69) | 1.37** (1.08 to 1.73) | 1.35** (1.13 to 1.60) | 1.59** (1.21 to 2.07) | 1.59** (1.34 to 1.89) | 1.97** (1.44 to 2.71) |
| Male | 1.07 (0.86 to 1.32) | 1.11 (0.88 to 1.40) | 1.14 (0.97 to 1.35) | 1.34* (1.05 to 1.72) | 1.25* (1.05 to 1.49) | 1.58** (1.17 to 2.11) |
| BMI | 1.35**(1.08 to 1.68) | 1.58** (1.23 to 2.03) | 1.70** (1.42 to 2.05) | 2.08** (1.62 to 2.67) | 1.81** (1.49 to 2.21) | 2.17** (1.57 to 3.00) |
| Overweight | 1.28 (0.10 to 1.66) | 1.37* (1.01 to 1.85) | 1.37** (1.12 to 1.67) | 1.71** (1.29 to 2.28) | 1.50** (1.23 to 1.83) | 1.77** (1.23 to 2.55) |
| Obese | 1.04 (0.80 to 1.34) | 1.25 (0.88 to 1.79) | 1.16 (0.91 to 1.48) | 1.36 (0.99 to 1.86) | 1.28 (0.97 to 1.67) | 1.65* (1.06 to 2.57) |
| Bachelor's degree or above | 1.12 (0.91 to 1.38) | 1.18 (0.94 to 1.48) | 1.20* (1.02 to 1.43) | 1.46** (1.13 to 1.89) | 1.31** (1.10 to 1.57) | 1.64** (1.22 to 2.19) |
| High income | 1.08 (0.84 to 1.39) | 1.02 (0.82 to 1.28) | 1.02 (0.82 to 1.27) | 1.42* (1.07 to 1.87) | 1.20 (0.96 to 1.51) | 1.33 (0.96 to 1.83) |
| Low income | 1.00 (0.71 to 1.40) | 1.04 (0.71 to 1.52) | 0.96 (0.70 to 1.31) | 1.25 (0.75 to 2.09) | 1.20 (0.88 to 1.67) | 1.33 (0.74 to 2.42) |
| English proficiency | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.19) | 0.96 (0.72 to 1.27) | 1.08 (0.87 to 1.35) | 1.11 (0.87 to 1.43) | 0.98 (0.80 to 1.20) | 1.51* (1.06 to 2.14) |
| Health insurance | 1.10 (0.89 to 1.36) | 1.15 (0.91 to 1.44) | 1.19* (1.00 to 1.40) | 1.37* (1.06 to 1.77) | 1.28** (1.07 to 1.52) | 1.61** (1.20 to 2.17) |
| Routine medical care | 1.08 (0.87 to 1.34) | 1.12 (0.89 to 1.41) | – | 1.41** (1.09 to 1.82) | 1.30** (1.09 to 1.54) | 1.64** (1.22 to 2.20) |
| Smoking | 1.04 (0.83 to 1.29) | 1.10 (0.87 to 1.37) | 1.13 (0.96 to 1.34) | 1.33* (1.04 to 1.71) | 1.22* (1.03 to 1.46) | 1.56** (1.17 to 2.10) |
| BP medications | 1.31 (0.99 to 1.74) | 1.18 (0.93 to 1.51) | 1.26* (1.01 to 1.57) | 1.37* (1.00 to 1.87) | 1.46** (1.15 to 1.85) | 1.83** (1.20 to 2.79) |
| Heart failure | 1.89 (0.86 to 4.17) | – | 1.27 (0.87 to 1.86) | 1.40 (0.77 to 2.54) | 1.46 (0.88 to 2.12) | 1.14 (0.51 to 2.55) |
| Vegetable consumption | – | 1.10 (0.87 to 1.38) | 1.14 (0.96 to 1.34) | 1.34* (1.05 to 1.72) | 1.24* (1.04 to 1.48) | – |
| Physical activity | – | 1.04 (0.83 to 1.31) | 1.04 (0.88 to 1.23) | 1.26 (0.97 to 1.64) | – | – |
Data were presented as adjusted OR (95% CI); data that were not available in the given data set was marked with ‘-’.
Analyses were conducted using multivariable regression, *p<0.05, **p<0.01.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus.