Characteristics of survey participants—Asian immigrants versus whites
| 2003 | 2005 | 2007 | 2009 | 2011 | 2013 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asian/white | Asian/white | Asian/white | Asian/white | Asian/white | Asian/white | |
| Participants (#) (total population) | 3068/24 269 (2 376 091/11 933 848) | 3171/26 565 (2 630 460/12 309 496) | 3390/31 388 (2 564 432/11 934 462) | 3989/29 133 (2 561 937/12 092 288) | 3363/24 148 (2 722 942/11 282 029) | 1109/12 654 (2 752 795/11 325 363) |
| DM and pre-DM (#) (DM and pre-DM population) | 214/1751 (163 933/778 140) | 254/2243 (206 987/888 604) | 353/3273 (236 438/978 231) | 490/3053 (250 408/904 882) | 532/2741 (292 674/997 382) | 164/1607 (346 889/958 166) |
| DM (#) (DM population) | 197/1513 (148 969/678 380) | 218/1897 (179 248/751 951) | 294/2724 (179 509/812 382) | 406/2645 (199 918/763 855) | 434/2311 (231 558/836 081) | 125/1319 (277 116/769 668) |
| Pre-DM (#) (pre-DM population) | 17/238 (14 964/99 760) | 36/346 (27 739/136 653) | 59/549 (56 929/165 849) | 84/408 (50 490/141 027) | 98/430 (61 116/161 301) | 39/288 (69 773/188 498) |
| Age (years) | 44.4±0.3/48.3±0.1** | 44.9±0.3/48.6±0.1** | 46.2±0.3/48.7±0.1** | 46.4±0.5/48.5±0.2** | 46.7±0.4/50.0±0.2** | 44.7±0.8/47.5±0.3** |
| Male (%) | 47.3/48.6* | 44.8/49.3** | 46.4/49.2** | 47.2/49.3* | 45.0/49.1** | 43.6/48.7** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8±0.1/26.2±0.0** | 23.7±0.1/26.4±0.1** | 23.8±0.1/26.5±0.1** | 23.7±0.1/26.6±0.1** | 24.3±0.1/26.8±0.1** | 24.7±0.2/26.7±0.1** |
| Overweight (%) | 39.3/35.5 | 39.5/34.4 | 41.7/34.7** | 37.6/33.8 | 40.9/34.9* | 42.8/34.6* |
| Obesity (%) | 13.0/18.9** | 12.0/20.3** | 12.5/21.1** | 13.6/21.8** | 16.1/22.6** | 19.4/21.7 |
| Bachelor's degree or above (%) | 50.4/38.9** | 53.1/39.9** | 53.1/40.0** | 57.4/41.6** | 55.8/43.4** | 56.5/42.4** |
| High income (%) | 51.0/68.6** | 54.9/71.5** | 54.9/71.7** | 54.1/68.9** | 52.2/66.4** | 53.6/66.2 |
| Low income (%) | 17.2/5.4** | 13.1/4.8** | 14.4/5.3** | 12.6/6.4 | 14.3/7.7** | 13.2/7.4 |
| Lived in USA >15 years (%) | 53.2/- | 59.5/- | 62.4/- | 64.2/- | 63.8/- | 63.2/- |
| English proficiency (%) | 71.6/99.9** | 70.2/100.0** | 73.1/99.9** | 72.8/100.0** | 72.4/99.9** | 74.6/99.9** |
| Health insurance (%) | 81.0/87.2** | 79.5/88.2** | 81.8/88.1** | 82.5/85.7 | 81.0/86.4** | 81.2/86.4* |
| Routine medical care (%) | 86.6/88.0** | 87.8/90.9** | -/- | 83.3/88.9** | 83.0/88.7** | 83.9/89.0** |
| Smoking (%) | 13.4/17.3** | 10.7/16.3** | 11.0/15.0** | 10.4/14.2* | 10.2/14.9** | 10.0/13.6 |
| BP medications (%) | 16.2/18.7** | 17.6/20.2** | 19.1/21.2** | 20.3/20.3** | 19.0/22.4** | 17.9/22.6 |
| Heart failure (%) | 0.8/1.5** | 1.1/2.0** | 1.4/2.1** | 0.6/1.9 | 1.8/2.2** | 0.5/2.3* |
| Vegetable consumption (%) | −/− | 46.6/46.7 | 62.0/61.0 | 56.5/56.7 | 57.0/59.5 | −/− |
| Physical activity (%) | −/− | 23.9/30.6** | 25.5/36.2** | 26.0/34.7** | −/− | −/− |
Continuous data were presented as weighted means±SE, categorical data were presented as counts or percentages; data that were not available in the given data set was marked with ‘−’.
Data in parenthesis were estimated populations calculated based off weighted procedures developed by the CHIS.
Analyses were conducted using t-test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables; *p<0.05, **p<0.01 between Asian immigrants and whites within the same yearly data set.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; pre-DM, prediabetes mellitus.