Participants' characteristics at baseline and 3 and 6-month primary and secondary outcomes
| Characteristics | Total sample (n=40) | PST-D (n=21) | Control group (n=19) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Categorical variables | n (%) | |||
| Gender (male) | 27 (67.5) | 14 (66.7) | 13 (68.4) | 0.906 |
| Education (>high school) | 21 (50.0) | 11 (52.4) | 9 (47.4) | 0.752 |
| Living alone (yes) | 8 (20.5) | 5 (25.0) | 3 (15.8) | 0.476 |
| Continuous variables | Mean (SD) | |||
| Age (years) | 59.9 (7.8) | 60.1 (7.0) | 59.6 (8.8) | 0.839 |
| Duration of diabetes (years)* | 21.0 (16.0) | 17.5 (10.0) | 23.0 (15.0) | 0.190 |
| Worse eye best presenting distance visual acuity (logMAR)* | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.923 |
| Baseline | 3-month follow-up | 6-month follow-up | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome Measures | Total Sample (n=40) | PST-D (n=21) | Control (n=19) | p Value | PST-D (n=16) | Control (n=19) | p Value | PST-D (n=16) | Control (n=19) | p Value |
| DDS: total score | 2.8 (0.7) | 2.9 (0.8) | 2.7 (0.6) | 0.734 | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.5 (0.9) | 0.457 | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.5 (0.8) | 0.427 |
| DDS: emotional burden | 3.6 (0.9) | 3.6 (0.9) | 3.7 (1.0) | 0.734 | 2.8 (1.2) | 3.3 (1.4) | 0.248 | 2.8 (1.3) | 3.2 (1.6) | 0.372 |
| DDS: physician-related distress | 1.0 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.8 (1.0) | 0.679 | 1.9 (1.3) | 1.7 (1.1) | 0.542 | 1.6 (1.3) | 176 (0.6) | 0.768 |
| DDS: regimen-related distress | 3.0 (1.2) | 3.0 (1.4) | 3.0 (1.0) | 0.834 | 2.1 (1.2) | 2.5 (1.0) | 0.236 | 2.1 (1.1) | 2.6 (0.9) | 0.175 |
| DDS: diabetes-related interpersonal distress | 2.5 (1.2) | 3.0 (1.2) | 2.0 (0.9) | 0.009 | 2.0 (1.4) | 2.2 (0.9) | 0.658 | 2.3 (1.3) | 2.1 (1.0) | 0.674 |
| HbA1c %, mmol/mol | 8.2% (1.57) 66.1 mmol/mol | 8.1 (1.2) 65.0 mmol/mol | 8.2 (2.0) 66.1 mmol/mol | 0.964 | 7.6 (0.9) 59.6 mmol/mol | 8.3 (2.1) 67.2 mmol/mol | 0.295 | 7.1 (1.1) 54.1 mmol/mol | 8.4 (2.5) 68.3 mmol/mol | 0.093 |
| PHQ-9: depressive symptoms | 10.4 (5.4) | 10.5 (5.2) | 10.2 (5.7) | 0.832 | 7.1 (5.9) | 9.1 (7.0) | 0.364 | 6.7 (5.9) | 9.9 (6.5) | 0.144 |
| SDSCA: general diet | 5.2 (0.3) | 5.5 (1.7) | 4.9 (1.8) | 0.321 | 5.2 (1.8) | 4.8 (2.0) | 0.546 | 6.1 (1.1) | 5.0 (1.5) | 0.026 |
| SDSCA: specific diet | 4.9 (1.5) | 4.9 (1.2) | 4.8 (1.5) | 0.790 | 4.6 (1.7) | 4.8 (1.5) | 0.728 | 4.7 (1.3) | 5.4 (1.4) | 0.161 |
| SDSCA: exercise | 3.2 (0.3) | 3.3 (2.3) | 3.2 (2.1) | 0.941 | 3.84 (2.31) | 2.79 (2.13) | 0.170 | 3.60 (2.69) | 3.37 (2.11) | 0.780 |
| SDSCA: blood sugar testing | 5.4 (0.4) | 5.3 (2.4) | 5.5 (2.5) | 0.855 | 5.94 (1.89) | 5.53 (2.29) | 0.571 | 5.97 (1.87) | 5.13 (2.71) | 0.317 |
Bold indicates significance. *Median (IQR).
DDS, Diabetes Distress Scale; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c (average blood glucose over 12 weeks); logMAR, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9; SDSCA, Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities.