*High cotinine 1878 (29.0%) | *Medium cotinine 1759 (27.2%) | Low cotinine 2835 (43.8%) | †Current smoker 1794 (27.4%) | †Former smoker 1681 (25.0%) | †Secondhand smoker 1158 (17.8%) | Non-smoker 1839 (29.8%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3 (26.0 to 26.6)‡ | 28.2 (27.9 to 28.5)‡ | 27.6 (27.2 to 27.9) | 26.2 (25.9 to 26.6)‡ | 27.9 (27.5 to 28.2) | 28.3 (27.9 to 28.7)‡ | 27.5 (27.1 to 27.9) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 93.17 (92.35 to 94.00)‡ | 97.32 (96.60 to 98.04)‡ | 95.29 (94.41 to 96.16) | 92.91 (92.01 to 93.80)‡ | 96.78 (95.80 to 97.76)‡ | 97.32 (96.27 to 98.38)‡ | 94.87 (93.88 to 95.85) |
HOMA-IR (mg/iU) | 1.85 (1.75 to 1.94)‡ | 2.31 (2.20 to 2.42)‡ | 2.09 (2.00 to 2.18) | 1.82 (1.73 to 1.92)‡ | 2.24 (2.13 to 2.35)‡ | 2.31 (2.16 to 2.47)‡ | 2.04 (1.94 to 2.15) |
HbA1c (%) | 5.38 (5.35 to 5.40)‡ | 5.37 (5.34 to 5.39)‡ | 5.32 (5.30 to 5.34) | 5.38 (5.35 to 5.40)‡ | 5.34 (5.31 to 5.36) | 5.38 (5.35 to 5.41)‡ | 5.31 (5.29 to 5.34) |
FPG (mg/dL) | 97.64 (96.88 to 98.40) | 99.00 (98.11 to 99.90)‡ | 97.84 (97.11 to 98.57) | 97.41 (96.63 to 98.20) | 98.62 (97.69 to 99.55) | 99.51 (98.51 to 100.51)‡ | 97.46 (96.64 to 98.29) |
Data are presented as mean (95% CI). Adjusted for age, sex, races, C reactive protein, alcohol, physical activity, education, poverty level, and year of survey cycle.
*Reference is low cotinine.
†Reference is non-smoker.
‡Statistically significant at p<0.05.
BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance.