Adjusted mean (95% CI) of HOMA-IR, HbA1c, and FPG according to cotinine levels, and cotinine level-confirmed smoking status for participants ≥20 years old (N=6472) with adjustment for BMI
| *High cotinine 1878 (29.0%) | *Medium cotinine 1759 (27.2%) | Low cotinine 2835 (43.8%) | †Current smoker 1794 (27.4%) | †Former smoker 1681 (25.0%) | †Secondhand smoker 1158 (17.8%) | Non-smoker 1839 (29.8%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOMA-IR (mg/iU) | 2.02 (1.94 to 2.10) | 2.17 (2.08 to 2.25)‡ | 2.05 (1.97 to 2.13) | 2.00 (1.92 to 2.08) | 2.16 (2.05 to 2.26)‡ | 2.15 (2.04 to 2.27) | 2.02 (1.92 to 2.11) |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.39 (5.37 to 5.42)‡ | 5.35 (5.33 to 5.38)‡ | 5.32 (5.30 to 5.33) | 5.39 (5.37 to 5.42)‡ | 5.33 (5.30 to 5.36) | 5.37 (5.34 to 5.40)‡ | 5.31 (5.29 to 5.33) |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 98.3 (97.5 to 99.0) | 98.5 (97.7 to 99.4) | 97.7 (97.0 to 98.4) | 98.1 (97.3 to 98.9) | 98.3 (97.4 to 99.3) | 99.0 (98.0 to 99.9)‡ | 97.4 (96.7 to 98.1) |
Data are presented as mean (95% CI). Adjusted for age, sex, races, BMI, C reactive protein, alcohol, physical activity, education, poverty level, and year of survey cycle.
Values in bold indicate changed statistical significance compared with table 2.
*Reference is low cotinine.
†Reference is non-smoker.
‡Statistically significant at p<0.05.
BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance.