Table 2

Comparison of prevalence of depression between the Korean Americans (≥35 years old) with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (A1C ≥7.0%) at baseline in our clinical study, the comparison group (Americans with the same conditions as Korean Americans), and the standard group (Americans with A1C <5.7% and not being diagnosed of diabetes, pre-diabetes or type 1 diabetes) in the NHANES

Depression\groups	Korean Americans† (n=249)	Comparison group‡						Standard group§ (n=6880)
Depression\groups	Korean Americans† (n=249)	Total (n=1707)	Whites (n=537)	Blacks (n=574)	Mexican (n=314)	Hispanic (n=161)	Others (n=121)	Standard group§ (n=6880)
Experienced at least once a week in the past 2 weeks (%):¶
Little interest or pleasure doing things	49.8***	27.7	27.4	28.9	26.8	38.4	18.2	20.1
2. Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless	39.4***	25.5	23.9	24.7	32.5	39.0	19.4	20.6
3. Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much	59.0***	40.9	42.9	36.2	35.0	44.1	44.0	38.6
4. Feeling tired or having little energy	70.3***	53.9	58.2	47.2	45.8	49.8	54.5	46.5
5. Poor appetite or overeating	55.4***	26.4	27.1	25.9	21.9	37.0	19.9	19.7
6. Feeling bad about yourself or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down	28.5***	18.4	18.0	17.5	18.1	29.1	15.8	16.0
7. Trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television	29.3***	15.9	15.8	15.8	12.6	26.9	12.6	15.6
8. Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed. Or the opposite being so fidgety or restless than usual	17.3	13.9	12.0	14.2	12.7	29.9	15.7	8.2
9. Thoughts that you would be better off dead, or of hurting yourself	16.9***	5.0	4.2	5.5	4.7	13.1	3.8	2.8
10. Have these problems made it difficult for you to do your work, take care of things at home, or get along with other people?	24.4	33.6	33.2	30.0	33.3	35.1	46.1	26.6
PHQ-9, mean (SE)	5.1 (0.3)***	3.7 (0.1)	3.6 (0.2)	3.7 (0.3)	3.6 (0.3)	5.0 (0.7)	3.1 (0.5)	2.7 (0.1)
Status, χ² statistics	23.6***	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Normal (PHQ-9<5) (%)	55.8	71.3	71.9	71.9	71.0	60.2	74.3	79.9
Mild (PHQ-9: 5–9) (%)	29.3	17.2	16.9	16.6	18.0	20.1	17.5	13.8
Clinical (PHQ-9 ≥10) (%)	14.9	11.5	11.2	11.5	11.0	19.7	8.2	6.3

***p<0.001 for unweighted test statistics compared with the comparison group total.
†At baseline.
‡N=11 767 732.
§N=80 651 898.
¶Recoded as 0 if the score was 0, and 1 otherwise.
NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.