Comparison of people 35 years or older between Korean Americans (≥35 years old) with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (A1C ≥7.0% at baseline) in our clinical study, and the comparison group (Americans with the same conditions as Korean Americans) and the standard group (Americans with A1C <5.7% and not being diagnosed of diabetes, pre-diabetes or type 1 diabetes) in the NHANES, using ordered logistic regressions on depression (normal=0, mild depression=1, and clinical depression=2) on listwise deletion of missing cases
| Group | Korean Americans† (n=759) | Comparison group‡ (n=1000) | Standard group§ (n=6185) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indicators\model summary | LR χ2 (20)=93.18 p<0.001 Pseudo R2=6.8% | F(19, 45)=3.25 p<0.001 | F(17, 48)=19.36 p<0.001 |
| Sex (female=0, male=1) | 0.67 (0.47, 0.95)* | 0.62 (0.39, 0.97)* | 0.55 (0.48, 0.63)*** |
| Age (in 10s) | 0.91 (0.76, 1.10) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.06) | 0.82 (0.77, 0.88)*** |
| Income level (vs FPL <=138%) | |||
| 139–250% | 0.54 (0.37, 0.80)** | 0.69 (0.41, 1.15) | 0.56 (0.45, 0.71)*** |
| 251–400% | 0.80 (0.52, 1.25) | 0.69 (0.40, 1.20) | 0.41 (0.33, 0.52)*** |
| >400% | 0.45 (0.28, 0.73)** | 0.38 (0.22, 0.65)*** | 0.27 (0.21, 0.36)*** |
| Education level (vs 0–11th grade) | |||
| High school graduate | 0.97 (0.59, 1.61) | 0.77 (0.45, 1.34) | 0.97 (0.77, 1.21) |
| College graduate or above | 1.04 (0.62, 1.75) | 0.70 (0.43, 1.17) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.06) |
| Living alone (yes=1) | 2.92 (1.65, 5.18)*** | 1.64 (0.99, 2.70) | 1.45 (1.20, 1.76)*** |
| Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.13) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.20) | 0.76 (0.58, 1.00)* |
| Triglycerides (vs <200 mg/dL) | |||
| Borderline (200–239 mg/dL) | 1.01 (0.68, 1.49) | 0.84 (0.49, 1.43) | 1.17 (0.92, 1.49) |
| High (≥240 mg/dL) | 1.34 (0.92, 1.97) | 1.34 (0.88, 2.05) | 1.45 (1.15, 1.83)** |
| Obesity (vs BMI <25) | |||
| Overweight (BMI: 25–30) | 0.95 (0.69, 1.30) | 0.63 (0.31, 1.29) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.16) |
| Obese (BMI >30) | 0.66 (0.33, 1.32) | 1.11 (0.55, 2.26) | 1.27 (0.99, 1.63) |
| DM oral medication (yes=1) | 1.49 (1.07, 2.09)* | 0.92 (0.65, 1.30) | – |
| DM insulin (yes=1) | 1.72 (0.77, 3.82) | 0.80 (0.53, 1.21) | – |
| Self-efficacy (1st tertile <34%) | |||
| Middle tertile (34–66%) | 0.57 (0.40, 0.82)** | – | – |
| High tertile (67–100%) | 0.45 (0.30, 0.66)*** | – | – |
| Social support gap (1st tertile <34%) | |||
| Middle tertile (34–66%) | 1.01 (0.70, 1.47) | – | – |
| High tertile (67–100%) | 1.54 (1.06, 2.23)* | – | – |
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†Pooled sample at baseline, months 3, 6, and 12.
‡N=7 017 657.
§N=74 386 033; health insurance coverage, total cholesterol status, blood pressure control status, and social support were not reported due to non-significance.
BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; FPL, federal poverty line; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.