Change in lifestyle outcomes by diabetes status and race from baseline to 6, 12, and 24 months
| Outcome | N | Phase 1 | N | Phase 2 | N | Phase 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline to 6 months | Baseline to 12 months | Baseline to 24 months | ||||
| Mean, 95% CI | Mean, 95% CI | Mean, 95% CI | ||||
| Dietary | ||||||
| DRA total score | 235 | 4.4 (3.7 to 5.0)*** | 227 | 3.3 (2.5 to 4.0)*** | 226 | 3.0 (2.3 to 3.6)*** |
| Diabetes (all) | 86 | 4.2 (3.1 to 5.3)*** | 86 | 3.0 (1.8 to 4.2)*** | 84 | 2.0 (1.0 to 3.1)*** |
| African-American | 60 | 4.4 (2.9 to 5.9)*** | 63 | 3.8 (2.3 to 5.3)*** | 62 | 2.5 (1.2 to 3.7)*** |
| White | 25 | 4.0 (2.6 to 5.4)*** | 22 | 1.1 (−0.6 to 2.8) | 21 | 0.7 (−1.3 to 2.7) |
| No diabetes (all) | 149 | 4.4 (3.6 to 5.3)*** | 141 | 3.4 (2.5 to 4.4)*** | 142 | 3.5 (2.7 to 4.3)*** |
| African-American | 95 | 4.7 (3.7 to 5.7)*** | 93 | 4.1 (3.0 to 5.3)*** | 96 | 3.3 (2.3 to 4.4)*** |
| White | 52 | 3.9 (2.5 to 5.4)*** | 47 | 2.0 (0.3 to 3.7)* | 45 | 3.7 (2.5 to 5.0)*** |
| Fat quality screener score | 229 | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.8)*** | 225 | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.3)*** | 224 | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.1)*** |
| Diabetes (all) | 84 | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.0)*** | 85 | 1.2 (0.6 to 1.8)*** | 83 | 0.3 (−0.3 to 1.0) |
| African-American | 58 | 1.2 (0.4 to 2.0)** | 62 | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.2)*** | 61 | 0.4 (−0.3 to 1.1) |
| White | 25 | 1.6 (0.4 to 2.7)** | 22 | 0.4 (−0.3 to 1.2) | 21 | 0.1 (−1.2 to 1.5) |
| No Diabetes (all) | 145 | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9)*** | 140 | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.3)*** | 141 | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.3)*** |
| African-American | 92 | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1)*** | 92 | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.6)*** | 95 | 0.8 (0.3 to 1.4)** |
| White | 51 | 1.2 (0.5 to 2.0)** | 47 | 0.4 (−0.4 to 1.2) | 45 | 0.9 (−0.1 to 1.9) |
| Fruit and vegetable servings per day | 249 | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5)* | 253 | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.8)*** | 250 | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6)*** |
| Diabetes (all) | 93 | −0.1 (−0.5 to 0.4) | 98 | 0.2 (−0.3 to 0.7) | 96 | 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.5) |
| African-American | 67 | −0.1 (−0.7 to 0.5) | 75 | 0.2 (−0.4 to 0.8) | 74 | 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.6) |
| White | 25 | 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.7) | 22 | 0.0 (−0.6 to 0.6) | 21 | 0.1 (−0.6 to 0.7) |
| No Diabetes (all) | 156 | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7)*** | 155 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1)*** | 154 | 0.6 (0.3 to 0.9)*** |
| African-American | 101 | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8)** | 103 | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.1)*** | 103 | 0.6 (0.2 to 0.9)** |
| White | 53 | 0.5 (0.0 to 0.9)* | 51 | 0.8 (0.3 to 1.2)*** | 50 | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.1)** |
| Summary score for drinks, desserts, snacks | 236 | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3)*** | 229 | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6)*** | 228 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.3)*** |
| Diabetes (all) | 87 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.4)*** | 87 | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.6)*** | 85 | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.3)*** |
| African-American | 61 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6)*** | 64 | 1.3 (0.8 to 1.7)*** | 63 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6)*** |
| White | 25 | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.5)*** | 22 | 1.1 (0.3 to 1.8)** | 21 | 0.1 (−0.7 to 1.0) |
| No diabetes (all) | 149 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5)*** | 142 | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.8)*** | 143 | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.5)*** |
| African-American | 95 | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8)*** | 93 | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.1)*** | 96 | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8)*** |
| White | 52 | 0.7 (0.2 to 1.2)** | 48 | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.4)*** | 46 | 0.8 (0.3 to 1.3)** |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Walking time, min/wk | 249 | 64 (19 to 109)** | 253 | 71 (28 to 113)** | 250 | 22 (−13 to 56) |
| Diabetes (all) | 93 | 101 (17 to 184)* | 98 | 126 (58 to 194)*** | 96 | 62 (11 to 113)* |
| African-American | 67 | 119 (18 to 221)* | 75 | 136 (52 to 220)** | 74 | 75 (13 to 137)* |
| White | 25 | 71 (−81 to 223) | 22 | 117 (14 to 219)* | 21 | 38 (−36 to 112) |
| No diabetes (all) | 156 | 42 (−9 to 94) | 155 | 36 (−17 to 89) | 154 | −3 (−49 to 42) |
| African-American | 101 | 29 (−45 to 103) | 103 | 19 (−53 to 91) | 103 | −17 (−82 to 47) |
| White | 53 | 63 (8 to 118)* | 51 | 68 (−3 to 138) | 50 | 22 (−22 to 66) |
| Total physical activity time, min/wk | 249 | 97 (36 to 158)** | 253 | 83 (30 to 136)** | 250 | 48 (−7 to 103) |
| Diabetes (all) | 93 | 120 (19 to 221)* | 98 | 109 (29 to 188)** | 96 | 62 (−8 to 131) |
| African-American | 67 | 136 (17 to 255)* | 75 | 127 (32 to 223)** | 74 | 89 (3 to 175)* |
| White | 25 | 106 (−94 to 305) | 22 | 74 (−63 to 212) | 21 | −5 (−91 to 81) |
| No Diabetes (all) | 156 | 83 (6 to 159)* | 155 | 67 (−3 to 137) | 154 | 40 (−39 to 118) |
| African-American | 101 | 86 (−17 to 189) | 103 | 37 (−42 to 116) | 103 | 28 (−76 to 132) |
| White | 53 | 79 (−33 to 192) | 51 | 125 (−15 to 265) | 50 | 58 (−55 to 171) |
Significance level:
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
DRA, dietary risk assessment; min, minute; wk, week.