Pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness against pneumonia (n=190 492)
| Pneumococcal vaccination status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never | <1 year | 1–4 years | ≥5 years | |
| Person-time (years) | 189 776 | 51 397 | 275 841 | 294 484 |
| Infections (n) | 1661 | 326 | 2255 | 3563 |
| Crude pneumonia rate/1000 person-years (95% CI) | 9.0 (8.6 to 9.5) | 6.6 (5.9 to 7.3) | 8.7 (8.3 to 9.1) | 13.6 (13.1 to 14.1) |
| Adjusted* pneumonia rate ratio (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 0.78 (0.69 to 0.89) | 0.92 (0.85 to 0.99) | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.11) |
| Vaccine effectiveness* % (95% CI) | 0 (reference) | 22 (11 to 31) | 8 (1 to 15) | −3 (−11 to 5) |
| Vaccine effectiveness* % (95% CI) stratified by eGFR status (mL/min/1.73 m2) | ||||
| eGFR <30 | 0 (reference) | 6 (−40 to 37) | 4 (−22 to 25) | 6 (−19 to 26) |
| eGFR 30–44 | 0 (reference) | 16 (−12 to 37) | 1 (−18 to 17) | −7 (−27 to 11) |
| eGFR 45–59 | 0 (reference) | 21 (−1 to 38) | 9 (−6 to 21) | −1 (−17 to 14) |
| eGFR ≥60 | 0 (reference) | 26 (11 to 39) | 12 (2 to 22) | −3 (−15 to 8) |
| p Value (test for trend)† | – | 0.25 | 0.49 | 0.07 |
| Vaccine effectiveness* % (95% CI) stratified by proteinuria status | ||||
| No proteinuria | 0 (reference) | 28 (16 to 38) | 13 (5 to 20) | 1 (−8 to 10) |
| Proteinuria | 0 (reference) | 2 (−25 to 23) | −6 (−23 to 9) | −19 (−38 to −3) |
| p Value (interaction)‡ | – | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
*Adjusted for: age, sex, socioeconomic status at practice level, residential care, date post 1 April 2004, smoking status, time-updated comorbidities (ischemic heart disease, congestive cardiac failure, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, other dementia, chronic lung disease, chronic liver disease), time-updated CKD status (eGFR, proteinuria), steroid use in the 3 months prior to study entry, influenza vaccination status, and HbA1C and diabetic medication history at baseline.
†Wald test for interaction term of pneumococcal vaccine with eGFR.
‡Wald test for interaction term of pneumococcal vaccine with proteinuria.