Demographics and baseline characteristics
| All sites (n=329) | Site 1–3 (n=228) | Site 4–5 (n=101) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 46.9 (16.7) 47.0 (18.0; 87.0) n=328 | 48.0 (16.6) 48.0 (18.0; 87.0) n=227 | 44.3 (16.5) 44.0 (18.0; 83.0) n=101 | 0.052 |
| Female | 145 (44.2%) | 99 (43.6%) | 46 (45.5%) | 0.84 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 21.8 (15.1) 19.0 (0.0; 62.0) n=329 | 22.6 (15.3) 20.0 (0.0; 62.0) n=228 | 20.1 (14.5) 17.0 (0.0; 61.0) n=101 | 0.19 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never smoked | 173 (56.5%) | 114 (55.3%) | 59 (59.0%) | |
| Regular smoker | 20 (6.5%) | 15 (7.3%) | 5 (5.0%) | |
| Occasional smoker | 34 (11.1%) | 21 (10.2%) | 13 (13.0%) | |
| Previous smoker | 79 (25.8%) | 56 (27.2%) | 23 (23.0%) | 0.56 |
| Level of education | ||||
| Unfinished primary school | 6 (2.0%) | 5 (2.5%) | 1 (1.0%) | |
| Finished primary school | 33 (10.9%) | 22 (10.9%) | 11 (10.9%) | |
| High school | 184 (60.7%) | 132 (65.3%) | 52 (51.5%) | |
| College/University degree | 80 (26.4%) | 43 (21.3%) | 37 (36.6%) | 0.023 |
| Occupation | ||||
| Working | 189 (62.0%) | 126 (61.8%) | 63 (62.4%) | |
| Student | 19 (6.2%) | 8 (3.9%) | 11 (10.9%) | |
| Retired | 64 (21.0%) | 48 (23.5%) | 16 (15.8%) | |
| Unemployed | 14 (4.6%) | 9 (4.4%) | 5 (5.0%) | |
| Sick-leave/Disability pension | 19 (6.2%) | 13 (6.4%) | 6 (5.9%) | 0.12 |
| Residential status | ||||
| Married/cohabitant, without children | 115 (37.6%) | 88 (42.9%) | 27 (26.7%) | |
| Married/cohabitant, with children | 84 (27.5%) | 54 (26.3%) | 30 (29.7%) | |
| Living with children without other adult(s) | 18 (5.9%) | 12 (5.9%) | 6 (5.9%) | |
| Living with other person (not any of above) | 33 (10.8%) | 21 (10.2%) | 12 (11.9%) | |
| Living alone | 56 (18.3%) | 30 (14.6%) | 26 (25.7%) | 0.045 |
| Stress level | ||||
| Never experienced stress | 24 (7.8%) | 19 (9.2%) | 5 (5.0%) | |
| Have experienced some period with stress | 96 (31.4%) | 62 (30.1%) | 34 (34.0%) | |
| Some period with stress last 5 years | 113 (36.9%) | 79 (38.3%) | 34 (34.0%) | |
| Constant stress last year | 36 (11.8%) | 23 (11.2%) | 13 (13.0%) | |
| Constant stress last 5 years | 37 (12.1%) | 23 (11.2%) | 14 (14.0%) | 0.37 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Little | 27 (9.0%) | 18 (8.9%) | 9 (9.2%) | |
| Moderate | 122 (40.7%) | 94 (46.5%) | 28 (28.6%) | |
| Moderate and regular | 79 (26.3%) | 53 (26.2%) | 26 (26.5%) | |
| Regular exercise | 72 (24.0%) | 37 (18.3%) | 35 (35.7%) | 0.0027 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 61.7 (12.7) 60.5 (35.0; 119.0) n=328 | 62.6 (12.7) 61.5 (35.0; 119.0) n=227 | 59.5 (12.4) 59.0 (35.0; 92.0) n=101 | 0.042 |
| BMI | 25.5 (4.0) 25.0 (18.0; 41.0) n=327 | 25.9 (4.2) 25.5 (18.0; 41.0) n=226 | 24.8 (3.5) 24.0 (19.0; 40.0) n=101 | 0.023 |
| Uses carbonate counting | 105 (35.1%) | 58 (29.0%) | 47 (47.5%) | 0.0027 |
| Insulin delivery | ||||
| MDI | 247 (75.3%) | 166 (73.1%) | 81 (80.2%) | |
| Insulin pump | 81 (24.7%) | 61 (26.9%) | 20 (19.8%) | 0.22 |
| Medical and surgical history | ||||
| Laser treatment | 66 (20.1%) | 45 (19.7%) | 21 (20.8%) | 0.93 |
| Microalbuminuria | 14 (4.3%) | 7 (3.1%) | 7 (6.9%) | 0.20 |
| Foot ulcer | 16 (4.9%) | 9 (3.9%) | 7 (6.9%) | 0.37 |
| Stroke | 12 (3.6%) | 7 (3.1%) | 5 (5.0%) | 0.58 |
| Myocardial infarction | 8 (2.4%) | 4 (1.8%) | 4 (4.0%) | 0.41 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 11 (3.9%) | 7 (3.8%) | 4 (4.0%) | 1.00 |
| Aorto-coronary bypass surgery | 7 (2.5%) | 5 (2.7%) | 2 (2.0%) | 1.00 |
For categorical variables n (%) is presented.
For continuous variables Mean (SD) / Median (Min; Max) / n= is presented.
Comparison of demographics and baseline characteristics is made for the three sites with ≥70% response rate versus the two sites with <70% response rate using Fisher´s Exact test for dichotomous variables, Mantel-Haenszel Chi Square test for ordered categorical variables, Pearson Chi Square test for non-ordered categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; MDI, multiple daily injections.