Skin and soft tissue, respiratory and genitourinary infections
| Subgroup | Study design | No. of studies | Crude OR (95% CI) | I2 | No. of studies | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | I2 |
| Skin and soft tissue infections | |||||||
| Surgical site infections | CS | 105 | 2.35 (1.97 to 2.80) | 98.9% | 56 | 2.03 (1.84 to 2.25) | 86.6% |
| CCS | 30 | 3.13 (2.37 to 4.15) | 74% | 14 | 2.66 (2.18 to 3.23) | 0% | |
| General surgery | CS | 17 | 2.72 (1.45 to 5.08) | 99.8% | 6 | 1.60 (1.15 to 2.23) | 75% |
| CCS | 5 | 4.34 (1.12 to 16.89) | 95.1% | 2 | 2.11 (1.37 to 3.26) | 0% | |
| Cardiovascular surgery | CS | 44 | 2.20 (1.93 to 2.51) | 58.5% | 29 | 2.10 (1.86 to 2.36) | 74.9% |
| CCS | 15 | 2.71 (2.20 to 3.33) | 18.2% | 7 | 2.76 (2.13 to 3.57) | 0% | |
| Orthopedic surgery | CS | 16 | 2.50 (1.90 to 3.30) | 73.0% | 8 | 1.96 (1.16 to 3.34) | 74.9% |
| CCS | 4 | 2.45 (1.66 to 3.62) | 0% | 2 | 2.32 (1.37 to 3.94) | 0% | |
| Spine surgery | CS | 12 | 2.99 (1.77 to 5.05) | 87.0% | 6 | 2.14 (1.44 to 3.18) | 25.9% |
| CCS | 5 | 4.24 (2.57 to 7.00) | 0% | 3 | 4.15 (1.99 to 8.66) | 0% | |
| Skin surgery | CS | 3 | 2.15 (0.85 to 5.41) | 76.8% | 3 | 1.51 (1.07 to 2.13) | 43.3% |
| Maxillofacial surgery | CS | 2 | 2.95 (1.28 to 6.83) | 83.6% | 2 | 4.01 (1.69 to 9.54) | 84.0% |
| Gynecological surgery | CS | 2 | 1.28 (0.32 to 5.13) | 85.4% | No studies identified | ||
| Plastic surgery | CS | 6 | 1.99 (1.24 to 3.18) | 0% | No studies identified | ||
| Ear, nose, throat surgery | CS | 3 | 2.07 (0.80 to 5.38) | 48% | No studies identified | ||
| Other SSTI | CS | 14 | 2.23 (1.67 to 2.96) | 91.8% | 7 | 1.83 (1.74 to 1.93) | 46.5% |
| CCS | 4 | 1.69 (1.05 to 2.72) | 55.8% | No studies identified | |||
| Peritonitis | CS | 4 | 3.66 (1.18 to 11.36) | 93.3% | 2 | 1.37 (0.95 to 1.97) | 0% |
| Erysipelas | CCS | 2 | 1.24 (0.87 to 1.75) | 0% | No studies identified | ||
| Respiratory tract infections | |||||||
| URTI | CS | No studies identified | 1 | 1.18 (1.17 to 1.19) | 0% | ||
| LRTI | CS | 30 | 1.48 (1.33 to 1.64) | 80.4% | 14 | 1.35 (1.28 to 1.43) | 79.4% |
| CCS | 12 | 2.01 (1.65 to 2.44) | 95.6% | 10 | 1.60 (1.35 to 1.89) | 86.7% | |
| Tuberculosis | CS | 10 | 1.42 (1.23 to 1.65) | 74.2% | 9 | 1.31 (1.20 to 1.42) | 60% |
| CCS | 7 | 2.42 (1.86 to 3.15) | 95.0% | 6 | 1.86 (1.44 to 2.41) | 87.1% | |
| Pneumonia | CS | 19 | 1.51 (1.26 to 1.81) | 83.8% | 6 | 1.43 (1.36 to 1.51) | 70.1% |
| CCS | 6 | 1.61 (1.27 to 2.04) | 78.9% | 4 | 1.26 (1.21 to 1.31) | 0% | |
| Unspecified RTI | CS | 2 | 1.50 (0.56 to 4.05) | 85.7% | No studies identified | ||
| Genitourinary infections | |||||||
| Genital infections | CS | 4 | 2.60 (1.58 to 3.52) | 85.2% | 3 | 1.41 (1.14 to 1.74) | 98.6% |
| Male | CS | No studies identified | 2 | 1.28 (1.01 to 1.64) | 98.8% | ||
| Female | CS | 3 | 1.57 (0.60 to 4.14) | 89.6% | 3 | 1.49 (1.17 to 1.91) | 92.6% |
| Urinary infections | CS | 25 | 1.99 (1.79 to 2.22) | 91.0% | 11 | 1.75 (1.52 to 2.00) | 99.0% |
| CCS | 9 | 3.06 (2.21 to 4.23) | 81.2% | 7 | 2.59 (1.60 to 4.17) | 86.0% | |
| UTI | CS | 23 | 2.14 (1.75 to 2.62) | 97.8% | 9 | 1.49 (1.30 to 1.72) | 98.8% |
| CCS | 8 | 2.98 (2.12 to 4.19) | 82.7% | 6 | 2.45 (1.48 to 4.05) | 87.4% | |
| Renal infections | CS | No studies identified | 2 | 2.40 (1.55 to 3.71) | 98.4% | ||
| Bacteriuria | CS | 3 | 1.94 (1.77 to 2.13) | 0% | 2 | 1.81 (1.66 to 1.97) | 0% |
| Unspecified GU | CS | 2 | 1.55 (1.11 to 2.18) | 0% | No studies identified | ||
CCS, case–control studies; CS, cohort studies; GU, genitourinary infection; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infection; RTI, respiratory track infection; SSTI, skin and soft tissue infection; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection; UTI, urinary tract infection.