ORs of sarcopenia, low muscle strength and low muscle mass in patients with type 2 diabetes
| Sarcopenia low muscle strength+low muscle mass | Low muscle strength Grip strength<26 kg in male Grip strength<18 kg in female | Low muscle mass SMI <7.0 in male SMI <5.4 in female | |||||||
| OR | (95% CI) | p Value | OR | (95% CI) | p Value | OR | (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Univariate model | |||||||||
| NPDR | 1.50 | (0.60 to 3.76) | 0.385 | 1.78 | (0.77 to 3.81) | 0.184 | 0.74 | (0.34 to 1.62) | 0.452 |
| PDR | 3.58 | (1.19 to 10.72) | 0.023 | 14.60 | (3.17 to 67.21) | <0.001 | 0.94 | (0.38 to 2.75) | 0.915 |
| Multivariate model | |||||||||
| NPDR | 3.79 | (1.14 to 12.65) | 0.030 | 1.08 | (0.43 to 2.71) | 0.878 | 2.49 | (0.76 to 8.10) | 0.130 |
| PDR | 7.78 | (1.52 to 39.81) | 0.014 | 6.25 | (1.15 to 33.96) | 0.034 | 2.34 | (0.35 to 15.71) | 0.383 |
| Age (years) | 1.12 | (1.06 to 1.18) | <0.001 | 1.09 | (1.06 to 1.13) | <0.001 | 1.06 | (1.02 to 1.11) | 0.004 |
| Gender (male vs female) | 7.26 | (2.11 to 24.97) | 0.002 | 0.28 | (0.15 to 0.55) | <0.001 | 6.87 | (2.73 to 15.03) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.67 | (0.55 to 0.81) | <0.001 | NA | 0.41 | (0.31 to 0.54) | <0.001 | ||
| Body fat (%) | 1.16 | (1.07 to 1.27) | 0.001 | NA | 1.26 | (1.14 to 1.39) | <0.001 | ||
| ARBs | 0.25 | (0.09 to 0.69) | 0.007 | NA | 0.41 | (0.17 to 0.98) | 0.044 | ||
| Insulin | NA | 2.14 | (1.06 to 4.33) | 0.034 | NA | ||||
| History of CVD | NA | 2.22 | (0.93 to 5.29) | 0.073 | NA | ||||
ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; SMI, skeletal muscle index.