NDR (n=261) | NPDR (n=38) | PDR (n=17) | p Value | |
Age (years) | 63±12 | 66±12 | 71±12 | <0.001 |
Gender (%male) | 63 | 61 | 54 | 0.236 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.8±4.4 | 25.6±4.1 | 24.3±3.3 | 0.534 |
Grip strength (kg) | 27.8±9.7 | 22.9±9.7 | 17.7±5.7 | <0.001 |
Fat free mass | ||||
Upper extremities (kg) | 4.5±1.3 | 4.3±1.3 | 3.6±1.3 | 0.025 |
Lower extremities (kg) | 13.4±3.4 | 13.7±3.9 | 11.9±3.6 | 0.217 |
Skeletal muscle index | 6.7±1.2 | 6.8±1.3 | 6.3±1.2 | 0.412 |
Andoroid (kg) | 2.1±1.1 | 2.3±1.3 | 2.2±1.0 | 0.423 |
Gynoid (kg) | 3.0±1.2 | 3.4±1.7 | 2.9±0.8 | 0.225 |
A/G ratio | 0.68±0.20 | 0.67±0.20 | 0.73±0.24 | 0.587 |
Body fat (%) | 33.6±8.0 | 34.4±8.8 | 36.6±5.7 | 0.361 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 6 (5–7) | 11 (8–14) | 23 (16–30) | <0.001 |
History of CVD (%) | 10.3 | 13.5 | 6.7 | 0.739 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 127±15 | 128±12 | 140±15 | 0.001 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 75±13 | 73±11 | 77±18 | 0.499 |
Log ACR (mg/g) | 1.47±0.55 | 1.63±0.64 | 2.30±0.74 | <0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 74.2±19.4 | 70.1±29.7 | 64.6±30.3 | 0.151 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.2±1.4 | 7.4±1.7 | 7.7±1.0 | 0.266 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 55±8 | 57±12 | 60±5 | |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.70 (1.56–1.85) | 1.70 (1.18–2.22) | 1.69 (1.19–2.20) | 0.999 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.54±0.47 | 1.46±0.40 | 1.47±0.34 | 0.563 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.94±0.38 | 2.84±0.69 | 2.89±0.95 | 0.889 |
UA (μmol/L) | 320±80 | 314±73 | 332±68 | 0.752 |
Insulin (%) | 24 | 32 | 100 | <0.001 |
Sulfonylureas (%) | 28 | 27 | 14 | 0.741 |
Metoformins (%) | 48 | 46 | 47 | 0.947 |
Alpha-GIs (%) | 9 | 12 | 14 | 0.865 |
Glinides (%) | 8 | 6 | 0 | 0.733 |
TZDs (%) | 10 | 9 | 0 | 0.687 |
DPP4 inhibitors (%) | 58 | 73 | 43 | 0.195 |
SGLT2 inhibitors (%) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.543 |
GLP1-RAs (%) | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0.464 |
ARBs (%) | 30 | 58 | 71 | <0.001 |
CCBs (%) | 30 | 26 | 88 | <0.001 |
Diuretics (%) | 8 | 5 | 18 | 0.339 |
Statins (%) | 30 | 40 | 53 | 0.076 |
UA lowering agents (%) | 3 | 7 | 5 | 0.415 |
Antiplatelet agents (%) | 13 | 13 | 18 | 0.837 |
ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; A/G, android-to-gynoid; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; CCBs, calcium channel blockers; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration ratio; GIs, glycosidase inhibitors; GLP1-RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors agonist; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NDR, no diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR proliferative diabetic retinopathy; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; TZDs, thiazolidinediones; UA, uric acid.