Table 2

DFE follow-up and longitudinal utilization univariable analysis by patient characteristics

Variable	Values	n	Adherence to initial follow-up		Number of DFEs per year over entire follow-up period
Variable	Values	n	n (%)	p Value	Mean (95% CI)	p Value
Severity	Severe	393	257 (65.39)	<0.0001	1.45 (1.34 to 1.58)	<0.0001
	Moderate	107	47 (43.93)		0.54 (0.42 to 0.71)
	Mild	1468	515 (35.08)		0.39 (0.36 to 0.43)
Gender	F	1077	432 (40.11)	0.13	0.58 (0.54 to 0.64)	0.16
Gender	M	890	387 (43.48)	0.13	0.64 (0.58 to 0.70)	0.16
Age	<65	1369	541 (39.52)	0.0043	0.61 (0.57 to 0.66)	0.70
Age	≥ 65	599	278 (46.41)	0.0043	0.60 (0.53 to 0.67)	0.70
Ethnicity/race	African-American	1321	538 (40.73)	0.58	0.57 (0.53 to 0.62)	0.0047
	Asian	76	36 (47.37)		0.93 (0.72 to 1.19)
	Caucasian	391	164 (41.94)		0.59 (0.51 to 0.68)
	Latino/Hispanic	139	62 (44.6)		0.69 (0.55 to 0.86)
BCVA in worse eye	Normal vision (20/60 or better)	1369	455 (33.24)	<0.0001	0.44 (0.40 to 0.48)	<0.0001
BCVA in worse eye	Visual impairment (20/70 or worse)	537	339 (63.13)	<0.0001	1.05 (0.96 to 1.15)	<0.0001
HbA1c in chart	Yes	482	244 (50.62)	<0.0001	0.90 (0.82 to 1.00)	<0.0001
HbA1c in chart	No	1486	575 (38.69)	<0.0001	0.51 (0.48 to 0.56)	<0.0001
Blood sugar in chart	Yes	1350	612 (45.33)	<0.0001	0.70 (0.65 to 0.75)	<0.0001
Blood sugar in chart	No	618	207 (33.5)	<0.0001	0.42 (0.36 to 0.48)	<0.0001
Wears glasses	Yes	1257	500 (39.78)	0.11	0.54 (0.5 to 0.59)	0.0001
Wears glasses	No	675	294 (43.56)	0.11	0.7 (0.64 to 0.78)	0.0001
Current smoking status	Yes	406	117 (28.82)	<0.0001	0.4 (0.33 to 0.47)	<0.0001
Current smoking status	No	1537	697 (45.35)	<0.0001	0.67 (0.63 to 0.72)	<0.0001
Insurance	No insurance	340	147 (43.24)	0.0008	0.69 (0.6 to 0.8)	0.0095
	Medicaid	555	199 (35.86)		0.52 (0.45 to 0.59)
	Medicare	413	204 (49.39)		0.66 (0.58 to 0.75)
	Medicaid+Medicare	40	14 (35)		0.4 (0.23 to 0.71)
	Private/other/vision	620	255 (41.13)		0.62 (0.55 to 0.69)
Neighborhood deprivation index	1 (low SES)	1375	561 (40.8)	0.27	0.58 (0.54 to 0.63)	0.0057
	2	345	146 (42.32)		0.75 (0.65 to 0.85)
	3	138	68 (49.28)		0.49 (0.38 to 0.64)
	4 (high SES)	110	44 (40)		0.62 (0.47 to 0.81)
Medications (insulin)	Yes	571	280 (49.04)	<0.0001	0.75 (0.68 to 0.83)	<0.0001
Medications (insulin)	No	1397	539 (38.58)	<0.0001	0.55 (0.51 to 0.59)	<0.0001
Medications (diabetes)	Yes	1507	624 (41.41)	0.73	0.59 (0.55 to 0.64)	0.13
Medications (diabetes)	No	461	195 (42.3)	0.73	0.66 (0.58 to 0.75)	0.13
Medications (hypertension)	Yes	1230	522 (42.44)	0.34	0.60 (0.55 to 0.65)	0.54
Medications (hypertension)	No	738	297 (40.24)	0.34	0.62 (0.56 to 0.69)	0.54
Medications (hyperlipidemia)	Yes	742	322 (43.4)	0.21	0.56 (0.5 to 0.62)	0.047
Medications (hyperlipidemia)	No	1226	497 (40.54)	0.21	0.64 (0.59 to 0.69)	0.047
Medications (mental health)	Yes	242	83 (34.30)	0.013	0.41 (0.33 to 0.51)	<0.0001
Medications (mental health)	No	1666	712 (42.74)	0.013	0.64 (0.60 to 0.68)	<0.0001
Driving distance	0–5 miles	665	278 (41.8)	0.40	0.52 (0.47 to 0.59)	0.0066
	5–25 miles	1116	455 (40.77)		0.66 (0.6 to 0.71)
	≥25 miles	187	86 (45.99)		0.62 (0.51 to 0.76)
Cataract	Yes	321	168 (52.34)	<0.0001	0.67 (0.57 to 0.78)	0.21
Cataract	No	1647	651 (39.53)	<0.0001	0.60 (0.56 to 0.64)	0.21
Glaucoma	Yes	192	98 (51.04)	0.0053	0.68 (0.56 to 0.82)	0.26
Glaucoma	No	1776	721 (40.6)	0.0053	0.60 (0.56 to 0.64)	0.26
Non-diabetic retinal disease	Yes	203	156 (76.85)	<0.0001	1.46 (1.3 to 1.64)	<0.0001
Non-diabetic retinal disease	No	1765	663 (37.56)	<0.0001	0.5 (0.47 to 0.54)	<0.0001
Other ocular comorbidity	Yes	1222	568 (46.48)	<0.0001	0.71 (0.65 to 0.76)	<0.0001
Other ocular comorbidity	No	746	251 (33.65)	<0.0001	0.46 (0.41 to 0.51)	<0.0001

Bold indicates p values that reach significance.
DFE, dilated fundus exam; BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; HbA1c,hemoglobin A1c; SES, socioeconomic status.