Variable | Values | n | Adherence to initial follow-up | Number of DFEs per year over entire follow-up period | ||
n (%) | p Value | Mean (95% CI) | p Value | |||
Severity | Severe | 393 | 257 (65.39) | <0.0001 | 1.45 (1.34 to 1.58) | <0.0001 |
Moderate | 107 | 47 (43.93) | 0.54 (0.42 to 0.71) | |||
Mild | 1468 | 515 (35.08) | 0.39 (0.36 to 0.43) | |||
Gender | F | 1077 | 432 (40.11) | 0.13 | 0.58 (0.54 to 0.64) | 0.16 |
M | 890 | 387 (43.48) | 0.64 (0.58 to 0.70) | |||
Age | <65 | 1369 | 541 (39.52) | 0.0043 | 0.61 (0.57 to 0.66) | 0.70 |
≥ 65 | 599 | 278 (46.41) | 0.60 (0.53 to 0.67) | |||
Ethnicity/race | African-American | 1321 | 538 (40.73) | 0.58 | 0.57 (0.53 to 0.62) | 0.0047 |
Asian | 76 | 36 (47.37) | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.19) | |||
Caucasian | 391 | 164 (41.94) | 0.59 (0.51 to 0.68) | |||
Latino/Hispanic | 139 | 62 (44.6) | 0.69 (0.55 to 0.86) | |||
BCVA in worse eye | Normal vision (20/60 or better) | 1369 | 455 (33.24) | <0.0001 | 0.44 (0.40 to 0.48) | <0.0001 |
Visual impairment (20/70 or worse) | 537 | 339 (63.13) | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.15) | |||
HbA1c in chart | Yes | 482 | 244 (50.62) | <0.0001 | 0.90 (0.82 to 1.00) | <0.0001 |
No | 1486 | 575 (38.69) | 0.51 (0.48 to 0.56) | |||
Blood sugar in chart | Yes | 1350 | 612 (45.33) | <0.0001 | 0.70 (0.65 to 0.75) | <0.0001 |
No | 618 | 207 (33.5) | 0.42 (0.36 to 0.48) | |||
Wears glasses | Yes | 1257 | 500 (39.78) | 0.11 | 0.54 (0.5 to 0.59) | 0.0001 |
No | 675 | 294 (43.56) | 0.7 (0.64 to 0.78) | |||
Current smoking status | Yes | 406 | 117 (28.82) | <0.0001 | 0.4 (0.33 to 0.47) | <0.0001 |
No | 1537 | 697 (45.35) | 0.67 (0.63 to 0.72) | |||
Insurance | No insurance | 340 | 147 (43.24) | 0.0008 | 0.69 (0.6 to 0.8) | 0.0095 |
Medicaid | 555 | 199 (35.86) | 0.52 (0.45 to 0.59) | |||
Medicare | 413 | 204 (49.39) | 0.66 (0.58 to 0.75) | |||
Medicaid+Medicare | 40 | 14 (35) | 0.4 (0.23 to 0.71) | |||
Private/other/vision | 620 | 255 (41.13) | 0.62 (0.55 to 0.69) | |||
Neighborhood deprivation index | 1 (low SES) | 1375 | 561 (40.8) | 0.27 | 0.58 (0.54 to 0.63) | 0.0057 |
2 | 345 | 146 (42.32) | 0.75 (0.65 to 0.85) | |||
3 | 138 | 68 (49.28) | 0.49 (0.38 to 0.64) | |||
4 (high SES) | 110 | 44 (40) | 0.62 (0.47 to 0.81) | |||
Medications (insulin) | Yes | 571 | 280 (49.04) | <0.0001 | 0.75 (0.68 to 0.83) | <0.0001 |
No | 1397 | 539 (38.58) | 0.55 (0.51 to 0.59) | |||
Medications (diabetes) | Yes | 1507 | 624 (41.41) | 0.73 | 0.59 (0.55 to 0.64) | 0.13 |
No | 461 | 195 (42.3) | 0.66 (0.58 to 0.75) | |||
Medications (hypertension) | Yes | 1230 | 522 (42.44) | 0.34 | 0.60 (0.55 to 0.65) | 0.54 |
No | 738 | 297 (40.24) | 0.62 (0.56 to 0.69) | |||
Medications (hyperlipidemia) | Yes | 742 | 322 (43.4) | 0.21 | 0.56 (0.5 to 0.62) | 0.047 |
No | 1226 | 497 (40.54) | 0.64 (0.59 to 0.69) | |||
Medications (mental health) | Yes | 242 | 83 (34.30) | 0.013 | 0.41 (0.33 to 0.51) | <0.0001 |
No | 1666 | 712 (42.74) | 0.64 (0.60 to 0.68) | |||
Driving distance | 0–5 miles | 665 | 278 (41.8) | 0.40 | 0.52 (0.47 to 0.59) | 0.0066 |
5–25 miles | 1116 | 455 (40.77) | 0.66 (0.6 to 0.71) | |||
≥25 miles | 187 | 86 (45.99) | 0.62 (0.51 to 0.76) | |||
Cataract | Yes | 321 | 168 (52.34) | <0.0001 | 0.67 (0.57 to 0.78) | 0.21 |
No | 1647 | 651 (39.53) | 0.60 (0.56 to 0.64) | |||
Glaucoma | Yes | 192 | 98 (51.04) | 0.0053 | 0.68 (0.56 to 0.82) | 0.26 |
No | 1776 | 721 (40.6) | 0.60 (0.56 to 0.64) | |||
Non-diabetic retinal disease | Yes | 203 | 156 (76.85) | <0.0001 | 1.46 (1.3 to 1.64) | <0.0001 |
No | 1765 | 663 (37.56) | 0.5 (0.47 to 0.54) | |||
Other ocular comorbidity | Yes | 1222 | 568 (46.48) | <0.0001 | 0.71 (0.65 to 0.76) | <0.0001 |
No | 746 | 251 (33.65) | 0.46 (0.41 to 0.51) |
Bold indicates p values that reach significance.
DFE, dilated fundus exam; BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; HbA1c,hemoglobin A1c; SES, socioeconomic status.