Demographic, health and systems characteristics of insured women with gestational diabetes, by Consolidated Framework for Implementation domain
| Variable | n=12 622 (%) | 95% CI* | ||
| Individual domain | ||||
| Demographics | Age (mean, SD) | 33.3 (4.8) | 33.3 to 33.4 | |
| Race/ethnicity | Asian | 12.3 | 11.7 to 12.9 | |
| African American | 7.4 | 6.9 to 7.9 | ||
| Hispanic | 12.9 | 12.4 to 13.5 | ||
| White | 67.4 | 66.6 to 68.2 | ||
| Education | Less than 12 | 2.1 | 1.9 to 2.4 | |
| High school diploma | 30.9 | 30.1 to 31.7 | ||
| Some college or degree | 67 | 66.2 to 67.8 | ||
| Insurance coverage | Comprehensive | 80.9 | 80.2 to 81.6 | |
| Limited (EPO) | 19.1 | 18.4 to 19.8 | ||
| Net worth of assets (missing=333) | <$25K | 29.3 | 28.5 to 30.1 | |
| 25K–$149K | 34.3 | 33.5 to 35.2 | ||
| $150K–$249K | 14.6 | 13.9 to 15.2 | ||
| $250K–$499K | 15.2 | 14.6 to 15.9 | ||
| $500+ | 6.5 | 6.1 to 7.0 | ||
| Geographic region (missing=3) | New England | 3.3 | 3.0 to 3.7 | |
| Mid-Atlantic | 7.5 | 7.0 to 8.0 | ||
| East North Central | 14.1 | 13.5 to 14.7 | ||
| West North Central | 13.1 | 12.5 to 13.7 | ||
| South Atlantic | 25.9 | 25.2 to 26.7 | ||
| East South Central | 2.9 | 2.5 to 3.1 | ||
| West South Central | 15.4 | 14.7 to 16.0 | ||
| Mountain | 7.9 | 7.5 to 8.4 | ||
| Pacific | 10 | 9.5 to 10.5 | ||
| Coexisting conditions | Charlson Index: mean (SD) | 0.20 (0.59) | 0.19 to 0.22 | |
| Substance use disorder (SUD) predelivery* | 1 | 0.9 to 1.2 | ||
| Any non-SUD mental health disorder | 9.3 | 8.8 to 9.9 | ||
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 6.6 | 6.1 to 7.0 | ||
| Pregnancy conditions | Preterm birth | 9.4 | 8.9 to 9.9 | |
| Cesarean delivery | 13.2 | 12.6 to 13.8 | ||
| Gestational hypertension | 8.2 | 7.7 to 8.7 | ||
| Pre-eclampsia or eclampsia | 7.4 | 6.9 to 7.8 | ||
| Excess gestational weight gain | 2.7 | 2.4 to 3.0 | ||
| Obstructed labor | 3.9 | 3.5 to 4.2 | ||
| Third trimester initiation of prenatal care | 9.4 | 8.9 to 9.9 | ||
| Postpartum hemorrhage | 0.2 | 0.1 to 0.3 | ||
| GDM therapy: medication required | 20.8 | 20.1 to 21.5 | ||
| Postpartum depression (incident case) | 1.2 | 1.0 to 1.4 | ||
| Inner domain | ||||
| Provider characteristics | Obstetric clinician type | Nurse-midwife | 0.8 | 0.7 to 1.0 |
| Obstetrician | 93.7 | 93.3 to 94.1 | ||
| Family practitioner | 2.2 | 1.9 to 2.5 | ||
| Other | 3.3 | 3.0 to 3.6 | ||
| Endocrinology visit in pregnancy | 19.9 | 19.2 to 20.6 | ||
| Nutritionist visit in pregnancy | 3.3 | 3.0 to 3.7 | ||
| Healthcare system | Type | Government | 6.6 | 6.2 to 7.0 |
| Not for profit, church operated | 14 | 13.4 to 14.6 | ||
| Not for profit, secular | 63.4 | 32.6 to 34.3 | ||
| For profit, partnership | 4.4 | 4.1 to 4.8 | ||
| For profit, corporation | 11.5 | 11.0 to 12.1 | ||
| Hospital size | 1–49 beds | 1.4 | 1.2 to 1.6 | |
| 50–199 beds | 19.3 | 18.7 to 20.0 | ||
| 200–399 beds | 36.5 | 35.7 to 37.4 | ||
| 400+beds | 42.7 | 41.9 to 43.6 | ||
| Outer domain | Pre-ACA | 90.1 | 98.5 to 90.6 | |
*Boldface indicates statistical significance.
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.