Table 3

Changes in dietary intake and exercise duration after 6 months’ intervention phase (mean±SE)

	tDNA (n=115)		UC (n=115)	p Value
	tDNA-MI (n=58)	tDNA-CC (n=57)	UC (n=115)	p Value
Energy (kcal/day)
Baseline	1665±53	1588±40	1733±45
6 months	1091±29	1130±37	1562±38
Change	−574±43	−458±47	−171±46
p Value*	<0.001†	<0.001†	0.002†	<0.001†‡
Carbohydrate (g/day)
Baseline	224.3±7.5	213.6±5.7	234.0±6.3
6 months	154.8±4.9	157.2±5.7	208.9±5.0
Change	−69.5±6.0	−56.4±6.5	−25.1±6.7
p Value*	<0.001†	<0.001†	0.002†	<0.001†‡
Protein (g/day)
Baseline	74.3±2.8	70.6±2.2	72.6±1.9
6 months	48.6±1.4	52.2±2.0	69.0±1.8
Change	−25.8±2.4	−18.5±2.6	−3.6±1.9
p Value*	<0.001†	<0.001†	0.453	<0.001†‡
Fat (g/day)
Baseline	52.9±2.3	50.4±2.0	56.4±1.9
6 months	31.0±1.0	32.6±1.5	50.3±1.8
Change	−21.9±2.1	−17.8±2.3	−6.1±2.1
p Value*	<0.001†	<0.001†	0.031†	<0.001†‡
Exercise (min/week)
Baseline	123±14	105±14	113±16
6 months	188±16	149±24	106±14
Change	66±14	45±23	−7±13
p Value*	<0.001†	0.383	1.000	<0.001†‡

All data expressed as (mean±SE) for absolute change in measures.
*p Values measure changes within groups by generalized estimating equations for intention-to-treat analysis based on post-hoc Sidak test for multiple comparisons over time.
†Significant changes from baseline at p<0.05.
‡p Values measure absolute change in measures between groups by Kruskal-Wallis for per-protocol analysis for tDNA-MI (n=51), tDNA-CC (n=40), and UC (n=101).
tDNA-CC, trans-cultural diabetes nutrition algorithm-conventional counseling; tDNA-MI, trans-cultural diabetes nutrition algorithm-motivational interviewing; UC, usual care.