Adjusted* HRs for cardiovascular (CV) mortality, non-CV mortality and all-cause mortality
| Exposure definitions | CV mortality HR (95% CI) | Non-CV mortality HR (95% CI) | All-cause mortality HR (95% CI) |
| Pioglitazone exposure | |||
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Ever | 0.58 (0.52 to 0.63) | 0.63 (0.58 to 0.68) | 0.60 (0.57 to 0.64) |
| Pioglitazone current exposure | |||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.41 (0.36 to 0.47) | 0.30 (0.26 to 0.34) | 0.34 (0.31 to 0.38) |
| Duration of pioglitazone exposure (months) | |||
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| <12 | 0.56 (0.50 to 0.63) | 0.65 (0.58 to 0.71) | 0.61 (0.56 to 0.66) |
| 12–24 | 0.64 (0.54 to 0.76) | 0.61 (0.53 to 0.71) | 0.62 (0.56 to 0.70) |
| 24–48 | 0.59 (0.49 to 0.71) | 0.66 (0.57 to 0.78) | 0.63 (0.56 to 0.71) |
| >48 | 0.44 (0.32 to 0.61) | 0.45 (0.34 to 0.60) | 0.44 (0.36 to 0.55) |
| Cumulative pioglitazone dose (mg) | |||
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–10 500 | 0.57 (0.51 to 0.64) | 0.64 (0.58 to 0.71) | 0.61 (0.57 to 0.66) |
| 10 501–28 000 | 0.63 (0.54 to 0.73) | 0.66 (0.58 to 0.76) | 0.64 (0.58 to 0.71) |
| 28 001–40 000 | 0.54 (0.40 to 0.72) | 0.62 (0.48 to 0.79) | 0.58 (0.48 to 0.70) |
| >40 000 | 0.48 (0.36 to 0.66) | 0.43 (0.32 to 0.57) | 0.45 (0.37 to 0.55) |
| Time since last exposure (years) | |||
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Current use | 0.38 (0.33 to 0.44) | 0.30 (0.27 to 0.35) | 0.34 (0.31 to 0.37) |
| <1 | 0.95 (0.81 to 1.10) | 1.34 (1.20 to 1.50) | 1.17 (1.07 to 1.28) |
| 1–2 | 0.61 (0.49 to 0.75) | 0.75 (0.62 to 0.89) | 0.68 (0.59 to 0.78) |
| 2–4 | 0.66 (0.53 to 0.80) | 0.74 (0.62 to 0.89) | 0.70 (0.61 to 0.80) |
| >4 | 0.77 (0.58 to 1.04) | 0.71 (0.54 to 0.93) | 0.73 (0.60 to 0.90) |
*Adjusted for dataset/country, propensity score quintiles, age at cohort entry dates, sex and ever exposed to metformin, sulphonylureas, insulin and other non-insulin diabetic treatments.