Table 3

Fold changes in inflammatory gene expression in MNC and plasma IL-6 at 2 and 6 hours in FDRT (n=9) and non-FDRT (n=9) subjects after a meal challenge

			Δ 2 hours	Δ 6 hours	Group	Time	Group×time
Proinflammatory genes	TNFα	FDRT	1.36±0.10	1.80±0.16	0.001	0.001	0.007
	TNFα	Non-FDRT	1.06±0.08	1.17±0.07	0.001	0.001	0.007
	IL-6	FDRT	1.33±0.56	6.73±2.38	0.089	0.002	0.153
		Non-FDRT	0.56±0.16	2.68±0.89
	MCP-1	FDRT	0.99±0.20	5.16±2.06	0.116	0.005	0.159
		Non-FDRT	0.61±0.09	2.00±0.37
	TLR4	FDRT	1.03±0.08	1.34±0.12	0.397	0.001	0.417
		Non-FDRT	1.02±0.07	1.19±0.06
	IL-1β	FDRT	0.91±0.08	1.30±0.20	0.916	0.008	0.817
		Non-FDRT	0.96±0.07	1.22±0.08
	NF-κB/p105	FDRT	1.00±0.07	1.11±0.06	0.209	0.741	0.106
	NF-κB/p105	Non-FDRT	0.99±0.05	0.93±0.07	0.209	0.741	0.106
	Rel-A	FDRT	1.00±0.05	1.39±0.15	0.112	0.001	0.220
		Non-FDRT	0.90±0.06	1.13±0.07
Anti-inflammatory genes	IκB-β	FDRT	1.00±0.09	1.64±0.29	0.137	0.001	0.355
		Non-FDRT	0.89±0.04	1.26±0.11
	IκB-α	FDRT	0.89±0.03	1.03±0.05	0.781	0.005	0.254
		Non-FDRT	0.92±0.05	0.97±0.04
	IL-10	FDRT	1.54±0.33	8.94±3.43	0.057	0.004	0.077
		Non-FDRT	0.72±0.19	2.57±0.67
	TGFβ	FDRT	1.04±0.04	1.09±0.07	0.114	0.004	0.114
	TGFβ	Non-FDRT	1.24±0.12	1.31±0.13	0.114	0.004	0.114
Cytokine	IL-6 (plasma)	FDRT	0.64±0.16	1.02±0.13	0.349	0.001	0.606
Cytokine	IL-6 (plasma)	Non-FDRT	0.43±0.10	0.98±0.18	0.349	0.001	0.606

Data are mean±SEM. P<0.05 using a linear mixed model. Numbers in bold represent significant values.
FDRT, first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes mellitus; IL-6, interleukin-6; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MNC, mononuclear cell; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha.