Short communicationSelf-reported rate of eating is significantly associated with body mass index in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Management Study Group (JDDM26)☆
Highlights
• Rapid eating has been reported to be linked to higher BMI in normal subjects. • We examined this issue in patients with type 2 diabetes. • Rapid eating was associated with an elevated BMI. • Rapid eating was not associated with worsening of HbA1c. • Rapid eating was seen more frequently in our subjects than in normal subjects in other studies.
Introduction
The association of eating habits with risks of obesity and diabetes has been investigated from various viewpoints. Particularly, rapid eating has been reported to be associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) and increased body weight among Western (Gerace & George, 1996) and Japanese populations (Maruyama et al., 2008, Otsuka et al., 2006, Sasaki et al., 2003). Moreover, rapid eating also has been reported to be associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy subjects without diabetes (Otsuka et al., 2008, Shin et al., 2009). However, it is unclear whether the rate of eating is associated with the degree of obesity or glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes even though rapid eating might lead to chronic postprandial hyperglycemia and therefore be associated with poor glycemic control in diabetic patients (American Diabetes Association, 2010). We examined whether the rate of eating was associated with the BMI and glycemic control status in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.
Section snippets
Methods
This was a multicentre cross sectional study. Potential subjects were 762 patients with type 2 diabetes 30–70 years old who received outpatient treatment in 11 clinics in the Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Management Study Group (JDDM) (Kobayashi et al., 2006) from November 2008 to April 2010. Excluded from the study were patients who had been diagnosed as having type 2 diabetes within the previous year because it is unlikely that they had achieved stable glycemic control. Of the 762 patients who
Results
Table 1 shows the characteristics of the study population. Of the subjects, 62.7% reported eating quickly, 30.8% reported eating at a medium rate and 6.5% reported eating slowly. BMI increased with increases in the rate of eating (p = 0.020 for ANOVA; p = 0.020 for trend) while there was no such significant trend for HbA1c.
Multiple regression analysis (Table 2) showed that the BMI was significantly higher in participants in the eating quickly category than in the medium speed category by 0.8 kg/m2
Discussion
The results of our study showed that rapid eating was associated with a higher BMI in patients with type 2 diabetes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the association between the rate of eating and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes; however, HbA1c values were not significantly associated with the rate of eating even after adjustment for confounding variables, including BMI.
The association between eating fast and an increased BMI has been reported in healthy
References (14)
- et al.
Eating slowly led to decreases in energy intake within meals in healthy women
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
(2008) - et al.
Predictors of weight increases over 7 years in fire fighters and paramedics
Preventive Medicine
(1996) - et al.
The status of diabetes control and antidiabetic drug therapy in Japan. A cross-sectional survey of 17,000 patients with diabetes mellitus (JDDM 1)
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
(2006) - et al.
Eating fast leads to insulin resistance. Findings in middle-aged Japanese men and women
Preventive Medicine
(2008) - et al.
Dietary intake, eating habits, and metabolic syndrome in Korean men
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
(2009) - et al.
Obesity and type 2 diabetes in Japanese patients
Lancet
(2003) - et al.
Eating rate of commonly consumed foods promotes food and energy intake
Appetite
(2011)
Cited by (15)
Masticatory Behavior Change with a Wearable Chewing Counter: A Randomized Controlled Trial
2023, Journal of Dental ResearchCHAPTER 6: Metabolic Impacts of Food Oral Processing
2022, Food Chemistry, Function and AnalysisIncreased oral processing and a slower eating rate increase glycaemic, insulin and satiety responses to a mixed meal tolerance test
2021, European Journal of NutritionEating rate as risk for body mass index and waist circumference obesity with appropriate confounding factors: a cross-sectional analysis of the Shizuoka-Sakuragaoka J-MICC Study
2019, Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- ☆
Acknowledgements: The authors thank the participants who took part in the study. This work and the Japan Diabetes Data Management Group study project are supported by the Japan Diabetes Foundation, Japan Diabetes Society and the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan. H. Sone is a recipient of a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The sponsors had no role in the design and conduct of the study.