Habitual intake of dairy products influences serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels independently of plasma glucose
Introduction
1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a major polyol in human serum. Serum 1,5-AG levels are reduced in diabetic patients, as they reflect urinary glucose excretion [1], [2]. Based on this observation, serum 1,5-AG is used as a clinical marker of glycemic control in diabetic patients. In comparison to HbA1C, serum 1,5-AG level reflects more recent glycemic control, and more sensitively shows changes in plasma glucose levels [3]. Furthermore, it has been shown that 1,5-AG can reflect postprandial hyperglycemia [4].
1,5-AG is actively reabsorbed by 1,5-AG/fructose/mannose selective transporter [SGLT(sodium glucose cotransporter)-4 (SLC5A9)], which is a glucose transporter in renal proximal tubules that exists downstream of SGLT2 (SLC5A2) [5], [6]. As the reabsorption of 1,5-AG is competitively inhibited by urinary glucose, which has similar structure to 1,5-AG, serum 1,5-AG levels are lower in diabetic patients.
In the absence of urinary glucose, this competitive inhibition by glucose does not occur and serum 1,5-AG levels do not correlate with plasma glucose [7]. Under this condition, there is a possibility that reabsorption of 1,5-AG is affected by monosaccharides such as mannose, fructose, and galactose, which are also reabsorbed via SGLT4. The content of these monosaccharides varies among foods. Thus, we conducted the present study based on a hypothesis that eating habit might affect serum 1,5-AG levels.
Section snippets
Subjects studied
We selected subjects with normal glucose tolerance to eliminate effect of urinary glucose levels. We initially screened 558 subjects (333 males and 225 females) who underwent health examinations at Kinki Central Hospital from July to August 2008 (Table 1). In these subjects 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Among them, 331 subjects (158 males and 173 females) were diagnosed with normal glucose tolerance. Definition of normal glucose tolerance was defined according to ADA
Results
Fasting plasma glucose and OGTT 2-h plasma glucose were significantly higher, but HbA1C and GA were significantly lower in males than in females with normal glucose tolerance in this study (Table 1). Serum 1,5-AG was significantly higher in males than in females (Table 1).
The summary data for the dietary questionnaire are shown in Table 2. Stepwise multivariate regression analysis was conducted using serum 1,5-AG as a response variable, and 8 questionnaire items of eating habits (Table 3), age,
Discussion
The present study showed that serum 1,5-AG levels were significantly lower in the subjects with habitual intake of dairy products than in those without, regardless of sex. However, plasma glucose, HbA1C, and GA levels were not different between the subjects of these two groups, suggesting that plasma glucose levels were not influenced by habitual intake of dairy products. It has been reported that administration of dairy products suppresses elevation of plasma glucose in high fructose-fed rats
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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2017, Biochemical Engineering JournalCitation Excerpt :Blood glucose is served as primary marker for glycemic control in clinic, but its application may be limited owing to the unconsistency of glycemic control [5–7]. Recently, several literatures reported that 1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), an uppermost six-carbon polyol in human serum, is more robust, sensitive and rapid to reponse the changes of glycemia and can reflect the therapy effect of antidiabetic medication in a dynamic manner than HbA1C, FA or blood glucose [8–11]. Thus, the detection of 1,5-AG is significant in management of diabetic patients.