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Abstract
Objective To assess the eligibility of patients participating in DISCOVER (a 3-year, prospective, observational study program of 15 992 patients with type 2 diabetes [T2D] initiating a second-line glucose-lowering therapy across 38 countries) for four cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOTs) of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study [CANVAS], Dapagliflozin effect on CardiovascuLAR Events trial [DECLARE-TIMI 58], EMPAgliflozin cardiovascular OUTCOME event trial [EMPA-REG OUTCOME], and eValuation of ERTugliflozin effIcacy and Safety CardioVascular outcomes trial [VERTIS-CV]).
Research design and methods In this cross-sectional analysis, baseline characteristics of DISCOVER patients were compared with the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the CVOTs to assess patient eligibility, overall and in four regions (Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America, and Middle East and Africa).
Results Overall, 11 385 patients (71.2%) had sufficient data for the analysis; 56.1% were men. The mean age and time since T2D diagnosis were 57.4 and 5.6 years, respectively. The mean glycated hemoglobin level was 8.3%. DISCOVER patients were younger, and fewer had a history of cardiovascular disease, than those enrolled in the CVOTs. Eligibility varied across the CVOTs; the proportion of eligible DISCOVER patients was highest for DECLARE-TIMI 58 (40.5%), followed by CANVAS (19.9%), VERTIS-CV (7.2%), and EMPA-REG OUTCOME (7.1%); 54.6% of patients were not eligible for any CVOT. Eligibility for each CVOT varied across regions, which was explained by the differing proportions of patients with established cardiovascular disease.
Conclusions In a large, international population of patients with T2D initiating a second-line glucose-lowering therapy, DECLARE-TIMI 58 was the most inclusive CVOT, suggesting that its study population will be more representative of patients encountered in routine clinical practice than those of CANVAS, EMPA-REG OUTCOME, and VERTIS-CV.
- adult diabetes
- general research
- sodium glucose cotransporter
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Significance of this study
What is already known about this subject?
Cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOTs) of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, such as the CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study (CANVAS) and the EMPAgliflozin cardiovascular OUTCOME event trial (EMPA-REG OUTCOME), have shown a reduction of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) using SGLT-2 inhibitors.
However, analyses using US and UK databases have shown that eligibility of patients with T2D varied greatly across four completed or ongoing SGLT-2 inhibitor CVOTs (CANVAS, Dapagliflozin effect on CardiovascuLAR Events trial [DECLARE-TIMI 58], EMPA-REG OUTCOME, and eValuation of ERTugliflozin effIcacy and Safety CardioVascular outcomes trial [VERTIS-CV]), suggesting that the generalizability of their results may also vary.
What are the new findings?
The eligibility of patients enrolled in DISCOVER (a large observational study of patients with T2D initiating a second-line glucose-lowering therapy across 38 countries) varied across the four CVOTs.
DECLARE-TIMI 58 was the most inclusive CVOT (40.5% of DISCOVER patients were eligible), followed by CANVAS (19.9%), VERTIS-CV (7.2%), and EMPA-REG OUTCOME (7.1%); 54.6% of DISCOVER patients were not eligible for any of the four CVOTs.
Significance of this study
How might these results change the focus of research or clinical practice?
Findings from CVOTs are not equally generalizable and should be interpreted considering their inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure that they apply to patients managed in routine clinical settings.
Further efforts are needed to include a more diverse sample of patients in CVOTs, including those with lower cardiovascular risk and those from rarely studied regions such as the Middle East and Africa.
Introduction
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of both microvascular and macrovascular complications.1 2 Sustained glycemic control has been shown to reduce the risk of microvascular complications.3–7 However, contradictory results have been published about its effects on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD),8 9 and some studies suggest that intensive glycemic control and some glucose-lowering therapies may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events and death.10–13
As a result, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued guidance on conducting cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOTs) to assess the CV safety of new glucose-lowering agents.14 In line with the FDA recommendations, randomized controlled CVOTs have been conducted or are ongoing to determine the CV safety profile of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors.15–20 The EMPAgliflozin cardiovascular OUTCOME event trial (EMPA-REG OUTCOME; NCT01131676) and CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study Program (CANVAS Program; NCT01032629 and NCT01989754) have been completed, and showed a reduction in the risk of CV events in patients using SGLT-2 inhibitors. For example, in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, use of empagliflozin was associated with a significantly decreased occurrence of the primary composite outcome (CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke) compared with placebo in patients with established CVD (HR: 0.86, p=0.04 for superiority).21 Similarly, results from CANVAS showed that canagliflozin reduced the occurrence of the same composite endpoint compared with placebo in patients with established CVD and those at high risk of CV events (HR: 0.86, p=0.02 for superiority).22 Both trials also showed a statistically significant reduction in the risk of hospitalization for heart failure (HR vs placebo: 0.65 [95% CI 0.50 to 0.85] for empagliflozin and 0.67 [95% CI 0.52 to 0.87] for canagliflozin). Although data from the Dapagliflozin effect on CardiovascuLAR Events trial (DECLARE-TIMI 58; NCT01730534) were not available at the time of this analysis, top-line results communicated by the study sponsor showed that dapagliflozin was non-inferior to placebo for major adverse CV events, and significantly reduced the combined risk of hospitalization for heart failure and CV death.23 The eValuation of ERTugliflozin effIcacy and Safety CardioVascular outcomes trial (VERTIS-CV trial; NCT01986881) was ongoing at the time of writing and no data were available.
Understanding the similarities and differences between each CVOT population and patients with T2D encountered in routine clinical practice, as well as the generalizability of results from CVOTs, is crucial to help physicians to assess the applicability of the trial findings to their patients. The broader the inclusion criteria of the CVOT, the more likely the study participants are to be representative of patients treated in routine clinical practice. A recent cross-sectional retrospective study based on 20 293 patients included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) has shown that the estimated proportion of US patients with T2D who would have been eligible for each of the four SGLT-2 inhibitor CVOTs varied greatly, from 4.1% to 39.8%.24 In another analysis of 182 525 patients with T2D participating in the US Diabetes Collaborative Registry (DCR), only 26.2% met the main eligibility criteria for the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial.25 Notably, the DCR population included a high proportion of patients with established CVD. Similarly, a UK database study showed that only 15.7% of 60 327 patients from 128 general practitioner practices had the same high CV risk as those included in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial.26
However, these assessments used US and UK data sets, and it is crucial to be able to compare CVOTs and to assess their generalizability in other regions of the world. DISCOVER is a large, international, 3-year, prospective, observational study of the treatment and outcomes of patients with T2D initiating a second-line glucose-lowering therapy. The study includes 38 countries across six continents; an estimated 70% of patients with diabetes lived in these countries in 2017.27 Approximately 16 000 patients were recruited at the time of changing from first-line to second-line glucose-lowering therapy. This population is of particular interest because relatively young patients who are early in the disease process have rarely been studied. The aim of DISCOVER is to assess treatment patterns and associated outcomes.28 In many of the included countries, DISCOVER participants constitute the only well-characterized population of patients with T2D.
The objective of the present analysis is to estimate the eligibility of DISCOVER patients at study baseline (initiation of second-line glucose-lowering therapy) for inclusion in CANVAS, DECLARE-TIMI 58, EMPA-REG OUTCOME, and VERTIS-CV, globally and in different regions of the world.
Research design and methods
The DISCOVER study program
The DISCOVER study program comprises two similar, 3-year, observational, prospective studies conducted simultaneously in 38 countries: DISCOVER (NCT02322762) in 37 countries (Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, The Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Panama, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Tunisia, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates) and J-DISCOVER (NCT02226822) in Japan.
The methods of the DISCOVER study program have been described in detail elsewhere28 and are summarized below.
Sites and investigators selection, and patient recruitment
Management of T2D was assessed in each participating country before the start of the study, using information from peer-reviewed articles, reports published by international healthcare organizations and insights from national experts, who acted as national coordinating investigators in each country. A diverse sample of sites (primary care centers or hospitals located in both rural and urban areas, and funded publicly or privately) and investigators (primary care physicians or specialists such as diabetologists and endocrinologists) that would match the results from the initial assessment as much as possible were invited to participate.28 29 The study protocol stated that participating physicians should invite consecutive eligible patients (online supplementary table 1) to take part in the study. All participating patients provided signed informed consent.
Supplemental material
Data collection
A standardized electronic case report form was used to collect DISCOVER data at baseline (initiation of second-line therapy); in Canada, Denmark, France, Norway, and Sweden, data were partially extracted from existing medical records or health registries and an abbreviated electronic case report form was used. Relevant information for the assessment of the eligibility of DISCOVER patients for CVOTs included patient characteristics (age, body mass index [BMI] and time since T2D diagnosis); clinical variables (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] level, estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C] level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] level, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure); comorbidities (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and chronic kidney disease [CKD]); history of macrovascular complications (coronary artery disease [coronary artery disease, angina, myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary artery bypass grafting], cerebrovascular disease [stroke, transient ischemic attack, carotid artery stenting, and carotid endarterectomy], peripheral artery disease [history of peripheral artery disease including revascularization procedures, diabetic foot, and amputation], heart failure, and implantable cardioverter defibrillator use); smoking status; and use of comedications (lipid-lowering drugs and antihypertensive drugs).
In line with the observational nature of the DISCOVER study, clinical variables were collected in accordance with routine clinical practice at each site; data collection was not mandatory for any of the variables. Similarly, the assessment of comorbidities relied on the investigators’ judgment and was not adjudicated. To ensure data quality and to identify any issues with data collection, records for at least 10% of participants at each site were randomly selected during monitoring visits, and data entered in the electronic case report form were compared with the source data (eg, original laboratory analysis reports).
Assessment of eligibility for CVOTs
Inclusion and exclusion criteria for CANVAS, DECLARE-TIMI 58, EMPA-REG OUTCOME, and VERTIS-CV have been described elsewhere15 18–20; the main inclusion and exclusion criteria used for comparison with the DISCOVER population in this analysis are summarized in online supplementary table 2, for patients with established CVD and patients with CV risk factors (but no established CVD), when applicable.
The DISCOVER variables and criteria used to assess eligibility for each CVOT are shown in table 1. Not all variables required to assess eligibility for the CVOTs were collected in all DISCOVER patients. Therefore, only patients with data available for all the necessary variables to assess eligibility for all four CVOTs were included in the analysis: age, sex, HbA1c level, BMI, time since diagnosis of T2D, information on comorbidities (CVD, CKD, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia), and information on the use of comedications (lipid-lowering drugs and antihypertensive drugs). Patients with missing data for eGFR, LDL-C level, HDL-C level, systolic blood pressure, or diastolic blood pressure were not excluded because physicians could record the presence of CKD, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension in sections dedicated to comorbidities in the electronic case report form.
Variables and criteria used to assess eligibility of patients in the DISCOVER study for inclusion in CANVAS, DECLARE-TIMI 58, EMPA-REG OUTCOME, and VERTIS-CV
Descriptive data are reported for DISCOVER patients with sufficient data, overall and for patients in the following predefined regions: Asia-Pacific (Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Taiwan); Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Panama); Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, and Sweden); and the Middle East and Africa (Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Tunisia, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates). A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to compare the eligibility of patients in countries in which data were partially extracted from existing medical records or health registries with that of patients in all other countries, in which data were exclusively collected with the electronic case report form.
Results
Of the 15 992 patients in the DISCOVER study, 11 385 (71.2%) had sufficient data to be included in the analysis; this proportion was similar across all studied regions (69.2%–74.3%; table 2). The main reason for excluding patients from the analysis was missing HbA1c data (not reported in 20.1% of patients).
Availability of data used to assess the eligibility of patients in the DISCOVER study for CANVAS, DECLARE-TIMI 58, EMPA-REG OUTCOME, and VERTIS-CV, overall and by region
Baseline characteristics of DISCOVER patients included in the analysis
Patients included in the analysis were from different ethnic origins (table 3); most patients were Asian (48.1%), Caucasian (27.5%), or Arabic (15.8%). Their mean age was 57.4 years and there were more men than women (56.1% vs 43.9%). The mean HbA1c level was 8.3% and the mean BMI was 29.1 kg/m2. Overall, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, CKD, and macrovascular complications were recorded by the investigators as present in 51.8%, 49.7%, 5.6%, and 14.4% of patients, respectively. Lipid-lowering drugs and antihypertensive drugs were being used by 48.9% and 50.5% of patients, respectively. Of note, the prevalence of macrovascular complications varied substantially across regions (9.8%–28.9%); it was highest in Europe and lowest in the Asia-Pacific region. Similarly, the proportions of patients using lipid-lowering drugs and antihypertensive drugs were higher in Europe than in other regions (55.9% vs 45.7%–49.9% and 69.7% vs 44.1%–57.4%, respectively).
Baseline characteristics of DISCOVER patients included in the analysis
Some characteristics of DISCOVER patients included in the analysis were substantially different from those of the patients enrolled in the CVOTs (online supplementary table 3).17 19 30 31 DISCOVER patients were younger than those enrolled in the four CVOTs (mean age: 57.4 years vs 63.1–64.4 years), fewer had a history of CVD (14.4% vs 40.6%–99.2%), and fewer received antihypertensive drugs (50.5% vs 79.8%–94.4%). DISCOVER also included a larger proportion of women than the CVOTs (43.9% vs 28.5%–37.4%). Of note, DISCOVER patients were from more diverse geographic origins than patients in the CVOTs; the majority of DISCOVER patients were from the Asia-Pacific region (45.7%), and the Middle East and Africa (23.0%), whereas the CVOTs mainly enrolled patients from Europe (20.0%–44.5%) and North America (24.0%–41.0%). Some countries from the Middle East and Africa included in DISCOVER (Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and the United Arab Emirates) were not represented in any of the four CVOTs.
Eligibility of DISCOVER patients for CVOTs
The proportions of DISCOVER patients eligible for each CVOT using the criteria in table 1 are shown in figure 1, overall and by region. Overall, DECLARE-TIMI 58 was the most inclusive of the four trials, with 40.5% (4611/11 385) of DISCOVER patients being eligible. Of these eligible patients, 20.3% (938/4611) had established CVD and 79.7% (3673/4611) had CV risk factors but no established CVD. CANVAS was the second most inclusive CVOT with 19.9% (2260/11 385) of DISCOVER patients being eligible. Of these eligible patients, 37.5% (848/2260) had established CVD and 62.5% (1412/2260) had CV risk factors but no established CVD. EMPA-REG OUTCOME and VERTIS-CV only included patients with established CVD and eligibility of DISCOVER patients was substantially lower (7.1% [803/11 385] and 7.2% [815/11 385], respectively) than for the other two trials.
Estimated proportions of DISCOVER patients who would have been eligible for CANVAS, DECLARE-TIMI 58, EMPA-REG OUTCOME, and VERTIS-CV. CV, cardiovascular, CVD, cardiovascular disease.
Results were consistent across all studied regions, with DECLARE-TIMI 58 being the most inclusive, followed by CANVAS, VERTIS-CV, and EMPA-REG OUTCOME in all regions. The proportions of patients eligible for each CVOT were highest in Europe and lowest in the Asia-Pacific region. Findings from the sensitivity analysis were also consistent with the overall results. However, the proportions of eligible patients for the four CVOTs were slightly higher in countries that used a mixed approach to data collection (data extraction from existing databases and abbreviated electronic case report form) than in the other countries (online supplementary figure 1). This is attributable to the fact that most of the DISCOVER countries that used existing databases are European countries, in which the prevalence of macrovascular complications was higher than in countries from other regions, regardless of the data collection method.32
Overall, 54.6% of DISCOVER patients were not eligible for any of the four CVOTs (across-region range: 35.3%–62.0%; data not shown), and only 6.2% were eligible for all four CVOTs (across-region range: 4.1%–12.4%; data not shown).
Discussion
In this cross-sectional analysis, the eligibility of DISCOVER patients varied greatly across the four SGLT-2 inhibitor CVOTs. In line with the results of the previous assessment of the NHANES population,24 DECLARE-TIMI 58 was the most inclusive trial, with an estimated 40.5% of DISCOVER patients eligible, followed by CANVAS, with an estimated 19.9% of DISCOVER patients eligible. Relatively low estimates for the proportions of eligible DISCOVER patients for EMPA-REG OUTCOME (7.1%) and VERTIS-CV (7.2%) are largely explained by the fact that these trials only included patients with established CVD.
It is therefore unknown whether the results from EMPA-REG OUTCOME and VERTIS-CV are applicable to most patients encountered in routine clinical practice. Indeed, the observational CVD-REAL study suggests that, as a class, SGLT-2 inhibitors provide CV benefits in patients with and without established CVD,33–35 which indicates that CVOTs should not be conducted exclusively in patients with CVD and need to be complemented by other data. This is also illustrated by the observation that more than half of the DISCOVER patients were not eligible for any of the four CVOTs.
Like DECLARE-TIMI 58, CANVAS included both patients with established CVD and patients with CV risk factors but no established CVD. The difference in eligibility of DISCOVER patients for these two trials is a result of more stringent entry criteria for CANVAS than for DECLARE-TIMI 58. For example, the HbA1c range for inclusion was narrower in CANVAS than in DECLARE-TIMI 58 (7.0%–10.5% vs 6.5%–12.0%). In addition, patients had to have at least two CV risk factors to be eligible for CANVAS, but only one to be eligible for DECLARE-TIMI 58. Conversely, patients with an eGFR between 30 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 could be included in CANVAS, but not in DECLARE-TIMI 58.
Results were consistent across all studied regions and DECLARE-TIMI 58 remained the most inclusive CVOT. However, the proportion of DISCOVER patients eligible for each CVOT varied substantially across regions, which is mainly explained by the differing prevalence of macrovascular complications (table 3). The higher the prevalence of macrovascular complications, the higher the proportion of patients eligible for CVOTs. The results from this analysis of DISCOVER patients were also consistent with the previous analysis based on the NHANES population, which showed that DECLARE-TIMI 58 was the most inclusive CVOT with 39.8% of patients being eligible.24 However, the proportions of patients from the DCR and the DISCOVER populations who were eligible for EMPA-REG OUTCOME were substantially different (26.2% and 7.1%, respectively).25 This is explained by the fact that most sites providing data to the DCR at the time of the analysis were cardiology practices, which are likely to manage patients with established CVD. Indeed, 52.9% of DCR patients for whom HbA1c data were available had established CVD. In contrast, 14.4% of the DISCOVER patients included in the present analysis had a recorded history of macrovascular complications. Results from the DISCOVER, NHANES, and DCR populations should be compared with caution because, in addition to the population differences mentioned above, the analyses used different criteria to assess patients’ eligibility for CVOTs. Of note, the study on the DCR population only used key criteria to assess eligibility for EMPA-REG OUTCOME (≥18 years of age, HbA1c level between 7.0% and 10.0%, and established CVD).25 In contrast, the study on the NHANES population and the present assessment of the DISCOVER population used a very similar approach based on more detailed inclusion criteria. However, the presence of comorbidities was assessed in different ways. In the DISCOVER study, the assessment of comorbidities relied on the investigators’ judgment, whereas in the NHANES study it relied on asking the patients simple questions about their medical history.24
Strengths and limitations
The DISCOVER study program includes a large and diverse sample of patients with T2D from 38 countries, thus providing results that complement those obtained from US and UK databases. Of note, DISCOVER includes 10 countries in the Middle East and Africa, which were not represented in any of the CVOTs. The comprehensive DISCOVER electronic case report form used for data collection provided the necessary information to assess eligibility for a large proportion of patients and allowed comparisons across regions.28 However, this analysis only used key inclusion and exclusion criteria from the four CVOTs, which may have led to an overestimation or underestimation of the numbers of eligible patients. Similarly, DISCOVER variables were matched as closely as possible to CVOT enrollment criteria but were not always identical, which may decrease the accuracy of the reported estimates.
In line with the observational nature of DISCOVER, data collection reflects routine clinical practice: the protocol did not mandate any laboratory tests or adjudication of events. As such, some DISCOVER patients could not be included in the analysis because key data were not reported. For example, HbA1c levels were not recorded for 20.1% of the DISCOVER patients because alternative measures of blood glucose levels were routinely used instead at some sites; 55.2% of patients without a recorded HbA1c level had a measurement of fasting plasma glucose (data not shown). For some patients, comorbidities were marked as present by the physician without recorded laboratory test result evidence (eg, hyperlipidemia marked as present without recorded values for LDL-C and/or HDL-C).
It should also be noted that the DISCOVER population is not representative of the general population of patients with T2D because it only included patients who were initiating a second-line glucose-lowering therapy. Although it is inherently difficult to achieve a representative sample in a large, international, observational study such as DISCOVER, efforts made at the start of the study to reach this goal resulted in the inclusion of a heterogeneous patient population from clinical settings with diverse characteristics in most participating countries;28 29 overall, sex and ethnicity distributions were in line with those of the general population of patients with diabetes.29 DISCOVER patients also constitute the best-characterized, contemporary population of patients with T2D in many participating countries, which allows comparisons of findings between different regions.
Conclusion
In a large, global population of patients with T2D initiating a second-line glucose-lowering therapy covering countries and regions not previously studied, DECLARE-TIMI 58 was the most inclusive of all four ongoing or completed SGLT-2 inhibitor CVOTs, globally and in the four predefined regions. These results are in line with and complement previous findings from US and UK databases. The high proportion of DISCOVER patients not eligible for any of the four CVOTs studied here also suggests that further research is required to assess the CV benefits of SGLT-2 inhibitors in a wider population, including patients at lower CV risk. Indeed, real-world evidence studies such as CVD-REAL suggest that patients with a lower CV risk could benefit from treatment with SGLT-2 inhibitors. The different proportions of DISCOVER patients eligible for CVOTs across regions also highlight the differences in healthcare between countries, and therefore the need to include less frequently studied countries in future research, such as those in the Middle East and Africa.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all DISCOVER, CANVAS, DECLARE‑TIMI 58, EMPA‑REG OUTCOME, and VERTIS‑CV patients and investigators. Editorial support was provided by Oxford PharmaGenesis, Oxford, UK and was funded by AstraZeneca.
References
Footnotes
Contributors The proposal for the analysis was developed by SP and FS and reviewed by all authors. The general content of the manuscript was agreed upon by all authors. The statistical analysis was conducted by FT. The first draft of the manuscript was developed by SP and critically reviewed by all authors. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript before its submission. An AstraZeneca team reviewed the manuscript during its development and could make suggestions. However, the final content was determined by the authors. SP is the guarantor of this work.
Funding The DISCOVER and DECLARE‑TIMI 58 studies are funded by AstraZeneca. The CANVAS study is funded by Janssen. The EMPA-REG OUTCOME study is funded by Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly. The VERTIS-CV study is funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme and Pfizer.
Competing interests SP is an employee of Oxford PharmaGenesis. PF, JM, EW, and FS are employees of AstraZeneca. NH is a former employee of AstraZeneca. LJ has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, and Takeda, and research support from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi. KK has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, and Sanofi, and research support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, and Sanofi, and also acknowledges support from the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care – East Midlands (NIHR CLAHRC – EM) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre. FT is an employee of the Mid America Heart Institute, which received institutional funding from AstraZeneca.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Ethics approval The DISCOVER study protocol was approved by the appropriate clinical research ethics committees in each participating country and by the relevant institutional review boards at each site. The protocol complies with the Declaration of Helsinki, the International Conference on Harmonization on Good Clinical Practice, and the local regulations for clinical research.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement DISCOVER data underlying the findings described in this manuscript may be obtained in accordance with AstraZeneca’s data sharing policy described at https://astrazenecagrouptrials.pharmacm.com/ST/Submission/Disclosure