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Abstract
Background The consumption of dairy products in pregnancy is widely extended. However, whether the consumption of low or high fat dairy produce is more beneficial for maternofetal health has yet to be established.
Research design and methods This prospective cohort study evaluated the effect of consumption of dairy products during pregnancy on the frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and a composite of adverse maternofetal outcomes (CMFO). Pregnant women receiving obstetric care between 2014 and 2017 were eligible. Those who consumed ≥3 servings/day of dairy products at 24–28 gestational weeks (GWs) were included and analyzed (n=2004). The population was stratified into three groups according to intake of fat-free dairy products—skimmed milk and fat-free yoghurt and cheese—(days/week): infrequent (1–2), average (3–6) and regular (7). Logistic regression analysis compared ORs (95% CI) for GDM and CMFO between the three groups (where the group of reference was the ‘infrequent’ intake group).
Results After adjusting for confounding factors, no significant associations were found between the degree of consumption of fat-free dairy products and the risk of GDM and a CMFO. Moreover, when categorized by the degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (above or below the median score), associations were found between the ‘regular’ intake group and an increased risk of having a CMFO in women with a high adherence to the Mediterranean diet (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.22; p<0.05). Weight gain during pregnancy did not differ among groups.
Conclusions The consumption of fat-free dairy products during pregnancy does not seem to be beneficial for maternofetal health.
- dietary patterns
- gestational diabetes mellitus
- maternal/fetal
- nutritional risk factors
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Footnotes
CA-B and NGdlT contributed equally.
Contributors CA-B and NGdlT contributed equally to this work. Conceptualization: CA-B, NGdlT, EB, AD, MAH, IR, VM, MC, MR and ALC-P, CA-B, NGdlT. Data curation: LdV, JV, IJ, MF, MAH, NI, IR, PdM, CF, MCM and AB. Formal analysis: CA-B, NGdlT, EB, IJ, AD, MF, PdM, AB, MR and ALC-P. Funding acquisition: CA-B, NGdlT and ALC-P. Investigation: LdV, JV, IJ, MAH, NI, IR, PdM, CF, MCM and AB. Methodology: LdV, JV, IJ, MAH, NI, IR, PdM, CF, MCM and AB. Supervision: MC, MR and ALC-P. Validation: ALC-P. Visualization: ALC-P. Writing—original draft: CA-B, NGdlT, AD and ALC-P. Writing—review and editing: CA-B, NGdlT, AD, MR and ALC-P. All authors have seen and agreed with the content of the last version of the manuscript. ALC-P is the guarantor of this work and as such had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Funding This research was funded by grants from Fundación para Estudios Endocrinometabolicos, IdISSC Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, Medicine Department; the Instituto de Salud Carlos III of Spain under grant number PI17/01442; and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). The design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; preparation, review and approval of the manuscript and decision to submit the manuscript for publication are the responsibilities of the authors alone and independent of the funders.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Ethics approval The studies included in this analysis were approved by the Ethics Committee of Hospital Clínico San Carlos (ethic codes CI 13/296-E and CI 16/442-E) and conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information. The database is available at a reasonable request to the corresponding author.