Collaborators: Hideaki Miyoshi, Hokkaido University Hospital; Atsuko Abiko, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital; Sou Nagai, NTT-East Sapporo Hospital; Katsuyuki Yanagisawa, Sapporo City General Hospital; Hiromichi Kijima, Tonan Hospital; Shinji Taneda, Manda Memorial Hospital; Shigeyuki Saitoh, Sapporo Medical University Hospital; Daisuke Ikeda, Chitose City Hospital; Fuminori Hirano, Asahikawa Medical Center; Takanori Miura, Asahikawa-Kosei General Hospital; Yoshihiro Miyamoto, Asahikawa City Hospital; Haruhiko Yoshimura, Iwamizawa Municipal General Hospital; Mitsutaka Inoue, Engaru-Kosei General Hospital; Masahiko Katoh, Hokkaido Medical Center; Osamu Nakagaki, Tomakomai City Hospital; Chiho Yamamoto, Tomakomai City Hospital; Akitsuki Morikawa, Japanese Red Cross Asahikawa Hospital; Kazuhiro Yoshida, Tenshi Hospital; Shin Furukawa, Kushiro Red Cross Hospital; Takeshi Koshiya, Obihiro-Kosei Hospital; Hajime Sugawara, Obihiro-Kosei Hospital; Takumi Uchida, Obihiro-Kosei Hospital; Yuichiro Yamada, Akita University Hospital; Hideki Katagiri, Tohoku University Hospital; Hiroshi Yamaguchi, Yamagata Saisei Hospital; Noe Takakubo, Yamagata Saisei Hospital; Yasushi Ishigaki, Iwate Medical University Hospital; Susumu Suzuki, Ohta General Hospital Foundation Ohta Nishinouchi Hospital; Takashi Shimotomai, Akita Kousei Medical Center; Naoki Tamasawa, Aomori City Hospital; Jun Matsui, Aomori City Hospital; Takashi Goto, Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Toshihide Oizumi, Yamagata University Hospital; Shinji Susa, Yamagata University Hospital; Makoto Daimon, Yamagata University Hospital; Jun Matsui, Hirosaki University Hospital; Hiroshi Murakami, Hirosaki University Hospital; Takashi Sugawara, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital; Hiroaki Akai, Tohoku Rosai Hospital; Masahiro Matsumoto, Tohoku Rosai Hospital; Mari Nakamura, Tohoku Rosai Hospital; Yoshiji Ogawa, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital; Takao Yokoshima, Iwate Prefectural Karumai Hospital; Tsuyoshi Watanabe, Fukushima Medical University Hospital; Hiroaki Satoh, Fukushima Medical University Hospital; Michio Shimabukuro, Fukushima Medical University Hospital; Kazuhisa Tsukamoto, Fukushima Medical University Aizu Medical Center; Motoei Kunimi, Fukushima Medical University Aizu Medical Center; Jo Satoh, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Wakabayashi Hospital; Atushi Okuyama, Yokote Municipal Hospital; Kazutaka Ogawa, Yokote Municipal Hospital; Hideyuki Eguchi, Okitama Public General Hospital; Mamoru Kimura, Nihonkai General Hospital; Hiroshi Kouno, Jusendo General Hospital; Yohei Horikawa, Hiraka General Hospital; Shin Ikejima, Odate Municipal General Hospital; Masaru Saitoh, Kureha General Hospital; Naoyoshi Minami, Osaki Citizen Hospital; Akihiro Sekikawa, Shiogama City Hospital; Ryo Suzuki, The University of Tokyo Hospital; Toyoyoshi Uchida, Juntendo University Hospital; Rimei Nishimura, The Jikei University Hospital; Michio Hayashi, NTT Medical Center Tokyo; Akira Shimada, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital; Toshihide Kawai, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital; Nobuya Fujita, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital; Ken Tomotsune, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital; Shigeo Yamashita, JR Tokyo General Hospital; Motoji Naka, Asama General Hospital; Toru Hiyoshi, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center; Yoshiyuki Nagai, Tokyo Medical University Hospital; Tomotaka Katoh, Tokyo Medical University Hospital; Kumiko Hamano, Kanto Rosai Hospital; Kouichi Inukai, Kyorin University Hospital; Takuma Kondo, Kyorin University Hospital; Kazuhiro Tsumura, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital; Yoko Matsuzawa, Yokohama Rosai Hospital; Masahiro Mimura, Chiba Rosai Hospital; Masahiko Kawasumi, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital; Izumi Takei, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital; Yoshiaki Okubo, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital; Masafumi Matsuda, Saitama Medical University Saitama Medical Center; Ichiro Tatsuno, Toho University Medical Center Sakura Hospital; Nobuyuki Banba, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center; Satoru Yamada, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital; Akihiko Ando, Jichi Medical University Hospital; Masao Toyoda, Tokai University Hospital; Daisuke Suzuki, Tokai University Hospital; Takahiro Iijima, Yokohama City University Hospital; Yasumichi Mori, Toranomon Hospital; Yutaka Uehara, Japanese Red Cross Maebashi Hospital; Yoshihiko Satoh, Shinshu University Hospital; Hitoshi Shimano, University of Tsukuba Hospital; Akihiro Isogawa, Mitsui Memorial Hospital; Kazuaki Yahata, Nagaoka Chuo General Hospital; Yoshimasa Asoh, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital; Koichiro Kuwabara, Tokyo Rosai Hospital; Souichi Takizawa, University of Yamanashi Hospital; Yasushi Tanaka, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Hospital; Koutaroh Yokote, Chiba University Hospital; Masako Tohgo, Tokyo Takanawa Hospital; Takanobu Itoi, Tokyo Takanawa Hospital; Shigeru Miyazaki, Shin-Yamanote Hospital; Hiroshi Itoh, Keio University Hospital; Teruo Shiba, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center; Takahisa Hirose, Toho University Omori Medical Center; Mariko Higa, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital; Masanobu Yamada, Gunma University Hospital; Osamu Ogawa, Kameda Medical Center; Masatoshi Kuroki, Nerima Hikarigaoka Hospital; Shinobu Satoh, Chigasaki Municipal Hospital; Makoto Ujihara, Yokohama Medical Center; Kenjiroh Yamanaka, Sasaki Foundation Kyoundo Hospital; Hajime Koyano, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital; Tadashi Yamakawa, Yokohama City University Medical Center; Yoshihito Atsumi, Life Extension Laboratory Eiju General Hospital; Kenichiroh Takahashi, Yokohama Minami Kyousai Hospital; Kazuki Orime, Yokohama Minami Kyousai Hospital; Tsutomu Hirano, Showa University Hospital; Jiroh Morimoto, JCHO Saitama Medical Center; Takuya Awata, Saitama Medical University Hospital; Takashi Itoh, Kashima Rosai Hospital; (closed, and reorganised with Kamisu Saiseikai Hospital, May 2019); Yuzoh Mizuno, Kanto Central Hospital; Naoyuki Yamamoto, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital; Han Miyatake, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital; Mina Yamaguchi, Hiratsuka Kyosai Hospital; Hirohito Sone, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital; Kenji Yamane, Tamakyuryo Hospital; Masahiko Kure, AOI Universal Hospital; Satoko Kawabe, Ushiku Aiwa General Hospital; Masahumi Kakei, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center; Masashi Yoshida, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center; Hiroyuki Itoh, Edogawa Hospital; Nobuaki Minami, Kinugasa Hospital; Kazuki Kobayashi, Kokuho Asahi General Hospital; Yusuke Fujino, New Tokyo Hospital; Makoto Shibuya, Yokosuka Kyosai Hospital; Kazuki Fukui, Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center; Midori Hosokawa, JCHO Yokohama Chuo Hospital; Isao Nozaki, Koto Hospital; Chigure Nawa, Tokyo Kyosai Hospital; Tamio Ieiri, International University of Health and Welfare Shioya Hospital; Takayuki Watanabe, Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital; Yoshio Katoh, Kanagawa Prefectural Ashigarakami Hospital; Takuyuki Katabami, St.Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama City Seibu Hospital; Michiko Handa, Kawasaki Municipal Ida Hospital; Issei Shimada, Shimada General Hospital; Kenichi Ohya, Shin-Oyama City Hospital; Yoshihiro Ogawa, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Medical Hospital; Takanobu Yoshimoto, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Medical Hospital; Jiroh Nakamura, Aichi Medical University Hospital; Keiko Naruse, Aichi Gakuin University Dental Hospital; Fumihiko Sato, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital; Junko Sato, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital; Naotsuka Okayama, Nagoya City University Hospital; Kenro Imaeda, Nagoya City University Hospital; Syuko Yoshioka, Tosei General Hospital; Masako Murakami, Japanese Red Cross Shizuoka Hospital; Takashi Murase, Nagoya Medical Center; Yoshihiko Yamada, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital; Yutaka Yano, Mie University Hospital; Hiromitsu Sasaki, Kasugai Municipal Hospital; Yasuhiro Sumida, JCHO Yokkaichi Hazu Medical Center; Kohei Ogawa, Asahi Rousai Hospital; Osamu Yonaha, Yonaha General Hospital; Hiroshi Sobajima, Ogaki Municipal Hospital; Mitsuyasu Ito, Fujita Health University Hospital; Atushi Suzuki, Fujita Health University Hospital; Atsuko Ishikawa, Nishichita General Hospital; Takehiko Ichikawa, Kuwana City Medical Center; Shogo Asano, Toyokawa City Hospital; Makoto Nakamura, Toyokawa City Hospital; Shinobu Goto, Nagoya Memorial Hospital; Sakuma Hiroya, Nagoya Memorial Hospital; Hiroshi Murase, Daiyukai General Hospital; Shozo Ogawa, Tokai Central Hospital; Hideki Okamoto, Meitetsu Hospital; Kotaro Nagai, Hashima City Hospital; Koji Nagayama, Hamamatsu Medical Center; Masanori Yoshida, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital; Norio Takahashi, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital; Kazuhisa Takami, Kizawa Memorial Hospital; Tsuneo Ono, Inazawa Kosei Hospital; Takanobu Morihiro, Masuko Memorial Hospital; Daisuke Tanaka, Kyoto University Hospital; Iichiro Shimomura, Osaka University Hospital; Noriko Takahara, Ako City Hospital; Satoshi Miyata, JCHO Osaka Hospital; Mamiko Tsugawa, Ikeda City Hospital; Koichiro Yasuda, Saiseikai Noe Hospital; Seiji Muro, Osaka Red Cross Hospital; Masanori Emoto, Osaka City University Hospital; Daisuke Koya, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital; Ikuo Mineo, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital; Ichiro Shiojima, Kansai Medical University Hospital; Takeshi Kurose, Kansai Electric Power Hospital; Takashi Akamizu, Wakayama Medical University Hospital; Makoto Ohashi, Osaka Rosai Hospital; Yumiko Kawabata, Kindai University Hospital; Mitsushige Nishikawa, Kansai Medical University Medical Center; Emiko Nomura, Kansai Medical University Medical Center; Yasuyuki Nishimura, Japanese Red Cross Kanazawa Hospital; Yasuhiro Ono, Kindai University Sakai Hospital; Yasuhisa Yamamoto, Wakayama Rosai Hospital; Keigo Naka, Wakayama Rosai Hospital; Kazuhiko Sakaguchi, Kobe University Hospital; Taizo Yamamoto, Kyoto Katsura Hospital; Rika Usuda, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital; Hiroshi Akahori, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital; Seika Kato, Hirakata Kohsai Hospital; Akihito Otsuka, Kawasaki Hospital; Hiroshi Maegawa, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital; Masahiro Yamazaki, University Hospital Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Hiroyuki Konya, Ashiya Municipal Hospital; Yutaka Umayahara, Osaka General Medical Center; Takashi Seta, Saiseikai Kanazawa Hospital; Hideki Taki, Osaka National Hospital; Masashi Sekiya, Gokeikai Osaka Kaisei Hospital; Naoki Matsuoka, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital; Shinichi Mogami, Saiseikai Suita Hospital; Sumie Fujii, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital; Toshiyuki Hibuse, Suita Municipal Hospital; Shingo Tsuji, JCHO Osaka Minato Central Hospital; Hirofumi Sumi, Kanazawa University Hospital; Yasuro Kumeda, Minami-Osaka Hospital; Akinori Kogure, Kyoto City Hospital; Kenji Furukawa, JCHO Kanazawa Hospital; Akira Kuroe, Hikone Municipal Hospital; Hideaki Sawaki, Arisawa General Hospital; Narihiro Hibiki, Arisawa General Hospital; Yoshihiro Kitagawa, Osaka General Hospital of West Japan Railway Company; Yukihiro Bando, Fukui-ken Saiseikai Hospital; Akira Ono, Rinku General Medical Center; Rikako Uenaka, Otemae Hospital; Seitaro Omoto, Korigaoka Yukeikai Hospital; Yuki Kita, Tonami General Hospital; Eiko Ri, Izumiotsu Municipal Hospital; Ryutaro Numaguchi, Izumiotsu Municipal Hospital; Sachiko Kawashima, Tango Central Hospital; Ichiro Kisimoto, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital; Kiminori Hosoda, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital; Yoshihiko Araki, Osaka Habikino Medical Center; Tetsuroh Arimura, JCHO Shiga Hospital; Mitsuru Hashiramoto, Yodogawa Christian Hospital; Koumei Takeda, Yamaguchi University Hospital; Akira Matsutani, Shunan City Shinnanyo Hospital; Kenichi Shikata, Okayama University Hospital; Yasushi Inoue, Yamaguchi Prefectural Grand Medical Center; Fumio Sawano, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital; Nozomu Kamei, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital; Yasuo Ito, Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital; Miwa Morita, Shimane University Hospital; Yoshiaki Oda, Higashihiroshima Medical Center; Rui Kishimoto, Higashihiroshima Medical Center; Katsuhiro Hatao, JCHO Tokuyama Central Hospital; Mitsuru Hashiramoto, Kawasaki Medical School Hospital; Tomoatsu Mune, Kawasaki Medical School Hospital; Fumiko Kawasaki, Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center; Hiroki Teragawa, JR Hiroshima Hospital; Ken Yaga, Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital; Keita Ishii, Chugoku Central Hospital; Kyouji Hirata, Chugoku Central Hospital; Tatsuaki Nakatou, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital; Yutaka Nitta, Shimonoseki Saiseikai General Hospital; Naoki Fujita, Saiseikai Yamaguchi Hospital; Masayasu Yoneda, Hiroshima University Hospital; Masatoshi Tsuru, Kanmon Medical Center; Shinichirou Ando, Okayama City Hospital; Toshiaki Kakiba, Matsue Red Cross Hospital; Michihiro Toyoshige, Sanyo-onoda Municiple Hospital; Tsuguka Shiwa, Hiroshima City Asa Citizens Hospital; Masazumi Fujiwara, Saijo Central Hospital; Hiroaki Miyaoka, Saiseikai Matsuyama Hospital; Hitomi Imachi, Kagawa University Hospital; Yasumi Shintani, Tokushima Red Cross Hospital; Takenori Sakai, Yawatahama City General Hospital; Tetsuji Niiya, Matsuyama Shimin Hospital; Shinpei Fujimoto, Kochi Medical School Hospital; Hisaka Minami, Ehime Prefectural Niihama Hospital; Yoshihiko Noma, Kawashima Hospital; Masaaki Tamaru, Saiseikai Imabari Second Hospital; Yoshitaka Sayou, Takamatsu Red Cross Hospital; Tomoyo Oyama, Takamatsu Red Cross Hospital; Masamoto Torisu, Saiseikai Saijo Hospital; Yuichi Fujinaka, Tokushima Prefecture Naruto Hospital; Yoshitaka Kumon, Chikamori Hospital; Shozo Miyauchi, Uwajima City Hospital; Haruhiko Osawa, Ehime University Hospital; Morikazu Onji, Saiseikai Imabari Hospital; Sumitomo Besshi Hospital, Toru Nakamura; Yoichi Hiasa, Ehime University Hospital; Yousuke Okada, Hospital of the University of Occupational and Environmental Health; Toshihiko Yanase, Fukuoka University Hospital; Kenro Nishida, Minamata City General Hospital & Medical Center; Syuji Nakamura, Heiwadai Hospital; Takashi Doi, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan; Kunihisa Kobayashi, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital; Nobuhiko Wada, Kurume University Hospital; Moritake Higa, Tomishiro Central Hospital; Koji Matsushita, Wakamatsu Hospital of the University of Occupational and Environmental Health; Yoshihiko Nishio, Kagoshima University Hospital; Ryoji Fujimoto, Shin-Kokura Hospital; Yasuyuki Kihara, Kitakyushu General Hospital; Shinichiro Mine, Sasaki Hospital; Tadashi Arao, Kyushu Rosai Hospital Moji Medical Center; Hiromi Tasaki, Kitakyushu City Yahata Hospital; Yasuto Matsuo, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital; Hirofumi Matsuda, Tamana Central Hospital; Kohei Uriu, Nakama Municipal Hospital; Masakazu Kobayashi, Nagasaki University Hospital; Kazuko Kanda, Saiseikai Yahata General Hospital; Kazuo Ibaraki, Karatsu Red Cross Hospital; Yoshio Kaku, Ashiya Central Hospital; Yasuhiro Takaki, Ashiya Central Hospital; Iwaho Hazekawa, Kumamoto City Hospital; Kenji Ebihara, Kumamoto Saishunso National Hospital; Eiichiro Watanabe, Kumamoto Saishunso National Hospital; Iku Sakurada, Kumamoto Saishunso National Hospital; Kazuhisa Muraishi, Omuta City Hospital; Tamami Oshige, Omuta City Hospital; Junichi Yasuda, Omuta City Hospital; Toyoshi Iguchi, Kyushu University Hospital; Noriyuki Sonoda, Kyushu University Hospital; Masahiro Adachi, Kokura Medical Center; Isao Ichino, Kokura Medical Center; Yuko Horiuchi, Kokura Medical Center; Udai Nakamura, Kyushu University Hospital; Souichi Uekihara, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital; Shingo Morimitsu, Imakiire General Hospital; Mitsuhiro Nakazawa, Nanpuh Hospital; Tadashi Seguchi, Oita Prefectural Hospital; Kengo Kaneko, Kumamoto Rosai Hospital; Yasuhiro Ono, Takagi Hospital.
Competing interests: KU reports lecture fees from Takeda, Novo Nordisk, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, AstraZeneca, MSD, Ono, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Sanofi, and Astellas; research grants from Astellas, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Abbott Japan, and MSD; endowments from Takeda, Astellas, Novo Nordisk, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Sanofi, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Ono. YT reports lecture fees from Takeda, Astellas, AstraZeneca, MSD, Ono, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Kissei, Kowa, Sanofi Aventis, from Taisho Pharmaceutical, Taisho Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Nippon Shinyaku, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Chugai, Eli Lilly, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novo Nordisk; manuscript fees from Kyowa Hakko Kirin; consulting fees from Terumo; research grants from Daiichi-Sankyo and Novo Nordisk; endowments from Astellas, Takeda, Chugai, Sanwa Kagaku, Daiichi-Sankyo, MSD, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Eisai, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Shionogi, Eli Lilly, Sanofi Aventis, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Novo Nordisk, Kissei, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Kowa Pharmaceutical, Teijin Pharma, Pfizer, Nihon Pharmaceutical, and Nippon Shinyaku. JN reports lecture fees from Takeda, Astellas, AstraZeneca, MSD, Ono, Kowa Pharmaceutical, Sanofi, Daiichi-Sankyo, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Terumo, Eli Lilly, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Japan Tobacco Inc., Taisho Pharma, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Sanwa Kagaku, Kissei, Mylan, Arkray, Medtronic Japan, Fukuda Denshi, and Abbott Japan; research grants from Kissei, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, and Fukuda Colin; endowments from Takeda, Astellas, MSD, Ono, Daiichi-Sankyo, Taisho Pharma, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Japan Tobacco Inc., Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Kaken Pharmaceutical, Kissei, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Kowa Pharmaceutical, Sanwa Kagaku, Shionogi, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Nippon Becton Dickinson, and Pfizer. YY reports lecture fees from MSD, Novo Nordisk, Ono, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Takeda, Sanofi, and Daiichi-Sankyo; endowments from Ono, Takeda, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Sanwa Kagaku. NI reports lecture fees from Takeda, Kowa Pharmaceutical, MSD, Arkray, Astellas, Kissei, Sanofi, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Bayer, Ono, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Medtronic Japan, Taisho Pharma, Pfizer, Fujifilm Pharma, Saishin Igaku Co., Toyooka Hospital, Terumo, Olympus, Sunstar Foundation, Japan Tabacco Inc., ILSI Japan, University of Occupational and Environmental health, Japan, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, AstraZeneca, Tumura, Chugai, Wakayama Medical University, Hokkaido University, Mainichi Ga Hakken Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim, MSD Life Science Foundation, Taisho Pharmaceutical, and Scohia Pharma; grants from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Daiichi-Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Astellas, Sanofi, Terumo, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Taisho Pharma, and Ono; endowments from Takeda, Kissei, Taisho Pharma, Sanofi, Daiichi-Sankyo, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Japan Tabacco Inc., Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Astellas, MSD, Ono, Sanwa Kagaku, Eli Lilly, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Teijin Pharma, Shionogi, and The Japan China Medical Association. HW reports lecture fees from Takeda, Astellas, Sanofi, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Novo Nordisk, Kowa Pharmaceutical, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, MSD, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Eli Lilly, Sanwa Kagaku, Ono, Kissei, and Fujifilm Pharma; grants from Kowa Pharmaceutical, Novartis, Sanwa Kagaku, and Eli Lilly; endowments from Takeda, Astellas, Sanofi, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, MSD, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Kowa Pharmaceutical, Ono, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Daiichi-Sankyo, Terumo, Pfizer, Mochida Pharmaceutical, Taisho Pharma, Johnson & Johnson, Sanwa Kagaku, and Kowa. IS reports personal fees from Lotte, Kowa Life Science Foundation, Sunstar Foundation, MSD Life Science Foundation, Kanae Foundation, Senri Life Science Foundation, Fuji Foundation for Protein Research, Japan Cardiovascular Research Foundation, Japan Foundation for Applied Enzymology, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, NPO Hormon Station, and Kawanishi medical association; lecture fees from Takeda, Japan Pharmacy Laboratory, Asia-Pacific Diabetes and Obesity Study Group, MSD, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Ono, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Covidien Japan, Kowa Pharmaceutical, Sanofi, The Japan Society of Internal Medicine, Daiichi-Sankyo, Taisho Pharma, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Teijin Pharma, Eli Lilly, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Japanese Society for Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Mochida Pharmaceutical, Rohto Pharmaceutical, Sanwa Kagaku, and Astellas Amgen BioPharma; fees of speakers bureaus from Fuji Foundation for Protein Research; manuscript fees from Iji Publishing, AstraZeneca, Ono, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Sanwa Kagaku, Eli Lilly, Saishin Igaku-sha, Sentan Igaku-sha, and Medical Review-sha; consulting fees from Takeda, AstraZeneca, MSD, Ono, Kowa Pharmaceutical, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanwa Kagaku, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, and Taisho Pharmaceutical; grants from AMED (Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development), National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Chiba University, Juntendo University, Kowa Pharmaceutical, Rohto Pharmaceutical, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Sanwa Kagaku, and Immuno-Biological Laboratories; endowments from Takeda, MSD, Astellas, Nippon Becton Dickinson, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Terumo, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Teijin Pharma, Shionogi, Kaken Pharmaceutical, Ono, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Eli Lilly, Daiichi-Sankyo, Kowa Pharmaceutical, Novo Nordisk, The Japan Diabetes Society, Midori Health Management Center, Japan Foundation for Applied Enzymology, MSD Life Science Foundation, Kowa Life Science Foundation, Suzuken Memorial Foundation, Japan Diabetes Foundation, Japan Heart Foundation, Gout Research Foundation, The Uehara Memorial Foundation, Takahashi Industrial and Economic Research Foundation, Soiken Holdings Inc., and Fukumoto Naika Clinic. RN reports lecture fees from Takeda, Sanofi, Medtronic Japan, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Kissei, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, MSD, and Astellas; endowments from Japan Diabetes Foundation and Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim. HM reports lecture fees from Takeda, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Sanofi, Astellas, MSD, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Novartis, Ono, Kowa Pharmaceutical, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Taisho Pharmaceutical, Teijin Pharma, and Sanwa Kagaku; grants from Astellas and Taisho Pharma; endowments from Takeda, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Ono, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Astellas, MSD, Kowa Pharmaceutical, Taisho Pharmaceutical, Teijin Pharma, Sanwa Kagaku, and Kyowa Hakko Kirin. AA reports lecture fees from Takeda, Sanofi, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Ono, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Sanwa Kagaku, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Astellas, AstraZeneca, MSD, Taisho Pharma, Daiichi-Sankyo, Novartis, Kowa Pharmaceutical, Bayer, Shionogi, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, and Fujifilm Pharma; consulting fees from Sanofi and Novo Nordisk; grants from Novo Nordisk and Taisho Pharma. HK reports lecture fees from Takeda, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Daiichi-Sankyo, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Ono, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Kowa Pharmaceutical, Sanofi, Eli Lilly, Sanwa Kagaku, Taisho Pharma, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Novartis, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Medtronic Japan, and Alcon Japan; grants from Otsuka Pharmaceutical; endowments from MSD, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Takeda, Daiichi-Sankyo, Astellas, Sanofi, Novartis, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Ono, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Taisho Pharma, Fujifilm Pharma, Kissei, Nippon Becton Dickinson. MH reports lecture fees from Takeda, Astellas, MSD, Ono, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Daiichi-Sankyo, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Kowa, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. AS reports lecture fees from MSD, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Astellas, Ono, and Terumo; endowments from Takeda, MSD, Astellas, Novo Nordisk, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Ono, and Daiichi-Sankyo. KN reports none. SF reports lecture fees from Takeda, Ono, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, MSD, Daiichi-Sankyo, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Eli Lilly, Kowa, Astellas, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Asahi Kasei Pharma, and Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim; endowments from Takeda, Sanofi, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, MSD, Ono, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Shionogi, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Taisho Pharma, and Daiichi-Sankyo. MF reports none. KS reports lecture fees from Ono, Novartis, MSD, Astellas, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, AstraZeneca, Sanofi Aventis, Novo Nordisk, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Eli Lilly; manuscript fees from Johnson & Johnson and Kyowa Hakko Kirin; consulting fees from Daiichi-Sankyo; grants from Eli Lilly and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma; endowments from Takeda, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, MSD, Astellas, Novartis, Ono, Sanofi Aventis, and Chugai. YO reports lecture fees from Takeda, MSD, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Sanofi, Daiichi-Sankyo, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Novo Nordisk, Kissei, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Astellas, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Kowa, Bayer, and Ono; grants from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma and Kowa. EA reports lecture fees from Takeda, Arkray, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Abbott Japan, Alcon, MSD, Ono, Kyowa Kikaku, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Kissei, Kowa, Kowa Pharmaceutical, Sanofi, Sanwa Kagaku, Shionogi, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Daiichi-Sankyo, Taisho Pharmaceutical, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Chugai, Terumo, Eli Lilly, Fujifilm Pharma, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Bayer, Pfizer, Medical Review, Medtronic Japan, and MedScape; manuscript fees from Yodosha, Fuji Medical Publishing, and Life science Co; endowments from Takeda, Astellas, MSD, Ono, Kissei, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Kowa, Sanofi, Shionogi, Taisho Pharmaceutical, Daiichi-Sankyo, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Terumo, Eli Lilly, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Mochida. TY reports lecture fees from Takeda, Daiichi-Sankyo, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, AstraZeneca, Shionogi, and Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma. TK reports lecture fees from Takeda, Astellas, AstraZeneca, MSD, Ono, Eli Lilly, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Sanofi, Novartis, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Medtronic Japan, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Abbott Japan, MedScape Education, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Taisho Pharmaceutical; manuscript fees from Takeda; grants from Takeda, Daiichi-Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, and Eli Lilly; endowments from Takeda, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Astellas, Taisho Pharma, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Kissei, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Ono, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Daiichi-Sankyo, Kowa Pharmaceutical, MSD, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Terumo, and Asahi Mutual Life Insurance Company.