Comparison of children with a single and ≥2 positive islet autoantibodies at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes
| Single positive autoantibody N=15 | ≥2 Positive autoantibodies N=56 | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years): mean (SD) | 11.7±4.6 | 10.4±3.6 | 0.25 |
| Male gender: n (%) | 9 (60) | 34 (60.7) | 0.96 |
| Race/ethnicity: n (%) | 0.89 | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 9 (60) | 30 (53.6) | |
| Hispanic | 4 (26.7) | 19 (33.9) | |
| African-American | 1 (6.7) | 5 (8.9) | |
| Other | 1 (6.7) | 2 (3.6) | |
| BMI centile: mean (SD) | 64.1±25.3 | 79.7±20.41 | 0.01 |
| Obesity or overweight: n (%) | 4 (26.7) | 30 (54.6) | 0.06 |
| Glucose (mmol/L): mean (SD) | 19.2±5.5 | 22.5±11.1 | 0.26 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol): mean (SD) | 12.6± 2 (114±21.9) | 11.9± 2.2 (107±24) | 0.29 |
| DKA: n (%) | 2 (14.3) | 24 (45.3) | 0.034 |
| β-hydroxybutyrate (mmol/L): mean (SD) | 2.6±2.3 | 6± 4.4 | 0.006 |
| Elevated* fasting C peptide: n (%) | 11 (73.3) | 24 (42.9) | 0.036 |
| Fasting C peptide (ng/mL): median (IQR) | 1.19 (0.76) | 0.67 (1.5) | 0.96 |
| Positive islet autoantibodies: n (%) | |||
| Insulin | 4 (26.7) | 23 (41.1) | 0.31 |
| GAD65 | 6 (40) | 35 (62.5) | 0.12 |
| ICA512/IA2 | 2 (13.3) | 50 (89.3) | 0.0001 |
| ZnT8 | 3 (20) | 41 (73.2) | 0.0001 |
| Titers of islet autoantibodies: mean (SD) | |||
| Insulin | 0.46 (0.487) | 1.617 (5.295) | 0.4 |
| GAD65 | 0.152 (0.256) | 0.37 (0.603) | 0.18 |
| ICA512/IA2 | 0.115 (0.298) | 0.617 (0.421) | 0.0001 |
| ZnT8Arg | 19.6 (51.4) | 161 (239.1) | 0.027 |
| ZnT8Trp | 10.8 (24.6) | 139.6 (263.6) | 0.064 |
| HLA DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8: n (%) | 3 (20) | 13 (23.2) | 0.79 |
| TCF7L2 SNP rs7903146 genotype: n (%) | 0.024 | ||
| CC | 6 (40) | 28 (50) | |
| CT | 4 (26.7) | 24 (42.9) | |
| TT | 5 (33.3) | 4 (7.1) |
*Above the median of the logarithmic distribution.
BMI, body mass index; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; GAD65, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; ICA512/IA2, islet cell autoantigen 512; IQR, interquartile range; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; TCF7L2, transcription factor 7-like 2; ZnT8, zinc transporter 8.