Characteristics of study participants with and without diagnosed diabetes by elevated* levels of fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), glycated albumin, fructosamine, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) in a subsample of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, 2005–2006, n=1764
| Fasting glucose | HbA1c* | Glycated albumin* | Fructosamine* | 1,5-AG* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No diagnosis of diabetes, n=1455 | <126 mg/dL | ≥126 mg/dL | <6.5% | ≥6.5% | <16.2% | ≥16.2% | <270.3 µmol/L | ≥270.3 µmol/L | >6.8 µg/mL | ≤6.8 µg/mL |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 70.2 (5.5) | 70.8 (5.6) | 70.3 (5.5) | 70.8 (5.5) | 70.2 (5.5) | 71.6 (6.1) | 70.2 (5.5) | 71.2 (5.7) | 70.2 (5.5) | 71.7 (5.6) |
| Men (%) | 41.7 | 47.5 | 42.8 | 30.7 | 42.1 | 43.4 | 41.5 | 54.3 | 41.7 | 50.9 |
| African-American (%) | 17.3 | 24.4 | 16.3 | 44.7 | 16.4 | 44.8 | 17.2 | 30.5 | 17.9 | 16.5 |
| Obese (%) | 31.6 | 51.1 | 32.3 | 46.8 | 32.6 | 42.4 | 33.0 | 35.5 | 33.2 | 31.2 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 19.8 | 36.1 | 20.4 | 31.4 | 20.3 | 34.8 | 20.5 | 31.1 | 20.6 | 28.8 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 46.8 | 48.6 | 46.9 | 47.9 | 46.9 | 47.5 | 47.1 | 45.4 | 47.2 | 43.0 |
| Hypertension (%) | 66.9 | 83.2 | 67.5 | 79.0 | 67.3 | 82.3 | 67.4 | 81.2 | 68.4 | 61.9 |
| Current smoker (%) | 7.8 | 5.1 | 7.8 | 3.4 | 7.9 | 1.0 | 7.7 | 6.0 | 7.7 | 6.1 |
| Diagnosed diabetes, n=309 | Fasting glucose | HbA1c* | Glycated albumin* | Fructosamine* | 1,5-AG* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <160 mg/dL | ≥160 mg/dL | <7.0% | ≥7.0% | <19.5% | ≥19.5% | <292.1 µmol/L | ≥292.1 µmol/L | >6.3 µg/mL | ≤6.3 µg/mL | |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 70.6 (5.6) | 69.6 (5.8) | 70.4 (5.5) | 70.0 (6.3) | 70.6 (5.6) | 69.7 (5.8) | 70.4 (5.6) | 70.2 (5.8) | 70.7 (5.7) | 69.3 (5.3) |
| Men (%) | 52.8 | 36.8 | 49.4 | 46.6 | 51.0 | 42.1 | 47.3 | 52.9 | 48.0 | 50.7 |
| African-American (%) | 29.3 | 47.1 | 27.1 | 54.0 | 25.0 | 59.8 | 26.1 | 57.1 | 29.9 | 45.3 |
| Obese (%) | 53.4 | 74.1 | 57.1 | 63.3 | 58.6 | 58.8 | 60.1 | 54.3 | 57.7 | 61.4 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 33.6 | 46.8 | 34.4 | 44.2 | 33.8 | 46.1 | 37.5 | 35.1 | 31.6 | 52.5 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 71.3 | 64.7 | 70.9 | 65.9 | 74.7 | 54.8 | 75.2 | 53.1 | 73.0 | 59.9 |
| Hypertension (%) | 85.1 | 93.0 | 85.4 | 92.3 | 85.3 | 92.4 | 85.2 | 92.9 | 87.3 | 86.6 |
| Current smoker (%) | 8.2 | 9.6 | 8.2 | 9.7 | 7.5 | 11.7 | 8.5 | 8.8 | 8.5 | 8.7 |
*In persons without a diagnosis of diabetes, the diagnostic threshold of 6.5% was used to define elevated HbA1c (the 95th centile). Cut-points for elevated glycated albumin (≥16.2%) and fructosamine (≥270.3 µmol/L) were also defined at the 95th centile. Low 1,5-AG (≤6.8 µg/mL) was defined as values below the 5th centile. Elevated fasting glucose was defined using the diagnostic threshold of 126 mg/dL (the 93rd centile). In persons with a diagnosis of diabetes, elevated HbA1c was defined as ≥7.0% (the 75th centile). Cut-points for elevated fasting glucose (≥160 mg/dL), glycated albumin (≥19.5%), and fructosamine (≥292.1 µmol/L) were also defined at the 75th centile. Low 1,5-AG (≤6.3 µg/mL) was defined as values below the 25th centile.