Quantitative analysis of C peptide and insulin with severity of diabetic retinopathy
| Models | Beta coefficient | SE | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C peptide | |||||
| 1 | −0.21 | 0.04 | −0.30 | −0.13 | 1.3×10−6 |
| 2 | −0.13 | 0.04 | −0.21 | −0.04 | 0.002 |
| 3 | −0.13 | 0.04 | −0.21 | −0.05 | 0.002 |
| 4 | −0.15 | 0.04 | −0.24 | −0.08 | 0.012 |
| Insulin* | |||||
| 1 | −0.29 | 0.05 | −0.38 | −0.20 | 5.6×10−10 |
| 2 | −0.17 | 0.05 | −0.26 | −0.07 | 0.0006 |
| 3 | −0.16 | 0.05 | −0.25 | −0.06 | 0.001 |
| 4 | −0.16 | 0.05 | −0.26 | −0.08 | 0.0008 |
Quantitative analysis utilizes the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) scale.
*Analysis for insulin was conducted in participants without exogenous insulin injection (n=406). Models: 1=adjusted for family structure; 2=adjusted for family structure, age, gender, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure, and serum creatinine; 3=adjusted for family structure, age, gender, HbA1c, diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; 4=adjusted for family structure, HbA1c, diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure, and CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation) estimated glomerular filtration rate.