Table 3

Quantitative analysis of C peptide and insulin with severity of diabetic retinopathy

ModelsBeta coefficientSELower 95% CIUpper 95% CIp Value
C peptide
 1−0.210.04−0.30−0.131.3×10−6
 2−0.130.04−0.21−0.040.002
 3−0.130.04−0.21−0.050.002
 4−0.150.04−0.24−0.080.012
Insulin*
 1−0.290.05−0.38−0.205.6×10−10
 2−0.170.05−0.26−0.070.0006
 3−0.160.05−0.25−0.060.001
 4−0.160.05−0.26−0.080.0008
  • Quantitative analysis utilizes the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) scale.

  • *Analysis for insulin was conducted in participants without exogenous insulin injection (n=406). Models: 1=adjusted for family structure; 2=adjusted for family structure, age, gender, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure, and serum creatinine; 3=adjusted for family structure, age, gender, HbA1c, diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; 4=adjusted for family structure, HbA1c, diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure, and CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation) estimated glomerular filtration rate.